International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 02 | Feb 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1 A Review of Fire Detection Techniques Rupali Mahajan 1 , Anuj Sharma 2 , Dr. Rashmi Priyadarshini 3 1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sharda University, Greater Noida 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, R.B.S.E.T.C, Agra 3 Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sharda University, Greater Noida ----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Apart from causing tragic loss to life and property, fire is a great menace to the environment. There are several methods available for fire detection. This includes monitoring through observation towers, satellite based monitoring, monitoring systems based on digital cameras and wireless sensor networks. Every method has its own points of interest and weaknesses. The paper sums up the pros and cons of the different techniques available for fire detection. Key Words: Wireless sensor network, fire detection, multisensor, digital camera, satellite 1. INTRODUCTION Flames are typically seen when they have spread over a huge region, making its control and stoppage difficult. The result is loss of men and material resources and it causes harm to the earth and air as well [4]. The fire may start due to human activities like smoking or barbecue parties or due to normal reasons, like, very high temperature conditions during summer season or there may be a wrecked glass that acts as a focal point concentrating the daylight on a little spot for a time span, thus prompting fire-start. When fire begins, combustible materials available in the surrounding area act as a fuel leading to bigger and wider fires. Timely detection of occurrence of fire can significantly lessen the impending harm as well as the expense on fire fighting. There are a number of fire detection techniques available. Some of them are listed below: Fig.1. Fire detection techniques 2. FIRE DETECTION TECHNIQUES In the section below, different fire detection techniques are discussed in detail. 2.1 Monitoring through observation towers This technique is based on human observation [4]. For this fire towers are built. The fire lookout tower is a small house, generally situated on the top of a mountain to maximize the viewing distance and range. From this place, the fire lookout can observe smoke that might have developed due to fire. The location of fire is determined using a device known as an Osborne Fire Finder, and fire control personnel are then informed about it. Aerial patrolling can also be done to discover wildfires. In that, public reporting of fire is done through ground based field staff. Drawbacks:  This is not a reliable method since fire is not reported as long as it doesn't present peril to people or property.  It does not consider seriously the environmental impact of fire.  There are more chances of faulty alarms. 2.2 Satellite based fire detection systems [27] Satellites have been used to detect fires for several years[4].Different satellites are launched for this purpose, namely, AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). AVHRR was initially proposed only as a meteorological satellite system that senses the presence of clouds and the temperature of sea surface by measuring electromagnetic radiations produced from Earth. Later it was discovered that it can also be used for fire detection. Its visible bands can spot smoke trails coming out of fires. Its thermal infrared bands can identify live fires. The capability of this satellite to detect fires is higher during night time, as during the day time, it can confuse live fires with heated ground surfaces, such as beach sand.