International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 09 | Sep 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1921 Solar Geometry Application for Single and Dual Axis Tracking Neha Sharma 1 , Pawan Kumar Tiwari 2 , Harsh Sharma 3 , Gulhasan Ahmad 4 1 M.Tech, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Sri Balaji College of Engineering & Technology, Jaipur, India 2 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Sri Balaji College of Engineering & Technology, Jaipur, India 3 Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India 4 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Sri Balaji College of Engineering & Technology, Jaipur, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Photovoltaic modules are usually placed and positioned with a tilt angle to enhance solar module’s performance along with preventing accumulation of water or dust over panel’s surface. The various Solar Geometry Angles namely, Latitude Angle(ᶲ), Declination Angle(ᵟ), Hour Angle(ω), Altitude Angle(α), Zenith Angle(Ɵz), Solar Azimuth Angle(γ)and the Angle of Incidence(Ɵ) aid in judging the precise sun’s position at any particular time of the day and the determination of required ideal tilt angles for Solar application for any particular location. The determination of optimum tilt angle for Solar panels allows us to ensure the maximum utilization of the incident Solar Irradiance and maximize Power generation through Solar panels. In this paper, with the application of Solar geometry angles, sample calculations for the city of Jaipur has been carried out for real time solar axis tracking. Key Words: Solar Geometry, Photovoltaic Modules, Optimum Tilt Angle, Solar Axis Tracking, Maximum Power Generation, Solar Irradiance 1. INTRODUCTION A renewable energy oriented future is technically possible, and the scope is really good that various renewable energy technologies might compete with conventional energy resources in a short span of time. The solar energy could act as a vital renewable energy form because it is sustainable in nature along with being in harmony with the environment. One of the vital ways of Harnessing Solar energy is through Photo Voltaic (PV) cells. The PV cells are assembled in modules that generates a particular voltage and current when Sunlight falls over it. An improvement in the power production cost can be performed by altering the angle of tilt and angle of orientation which depends upon various factors like day of the year, time, and location of the place. The inclination angle plays an important role in utilizing the maximum solar radiation. Maximizing the potential power generation by the solar panels has been the key engineering by proper positioning and placement of the Solar panels which conforms to the solar geometry angles. Because of the intermittent existence of sun radiation, solar photovoltaic power generation fluctuates as compared with conventional power plants. There are many problems regarding to the use of solar energy. The major is it's a dilute energy source. The solar radiation flux rarely exceeds 1 kW / m2 even in the hottest regions on earth, and the total radiation over a day is at best about 7 kWh / m2. [4]. These are poor values from a technical point of view. Thus large collecting areas are required in many applications which result in high costs. The second major problem with the utilization of solar energy is that its availability varies greatly over time. Owing to the day-night period and even, seasonally because of earth's orbit around the sun, the variability in availability occurs regularly. Additionally, the variability occurs due to local environmental conditions at a given venue. Consequently, when the sun shines, the energy obtained must be preserved for use during times when this is not possible. The storage requirement also adds significantly to any system’s cost. The actual challenge of using solar energy as an alternative energy is economic in nature. One needs to strive to develop cheaper and more effective collection and storage methods so that the large initial investments needed in most applications at present are lesser. There are various solar calculator applications providing information about solar resource and performing rooftop solar PV installation calculations along with cost-benefit analysis pre and post solar PV installations. But the real time calculation for tilt and orientation angle values for any particular time of the day are not provided in these sources. These works lacks the information about the positioning and placement of solar panels in a broad respect and just provides an annual average tilt angle to maximise utilization of solar potential available at the location. They mainly focus over the potential financial savings after installation of solar application rather than producing accurate results about the solar data. Limited information is provided about the solar resource data and the installation placement and positioning of the solar panels for efficient utilisation of solar energy and maximise power generation. Hence significant work could be performed in this area by incorporating various empirical relations to get real time optimum angle suggestion for solar applications. For Jaipur city, with the help of latitude, longitude, date, time, standard time zone as basic inputs, the precise solar geometry angles could be calculated and with the application of the calculated solar geometry angles real time optimum inclination and orientation angles could be suggested for panel applications. 2. SOLAR GEOMETRY ANGLES The various solar geometry angles could be described as follows: