IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-11 (2016) 361–368
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
2405-8963 © 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Peer review under responsibility of International Federation of Automatic Control.
10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.08.054
© 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: HCCI, 0D model, EGR and ozone addition effect, combustion parameters (P
max
, CAD
pmax
,
CA50), HCCI control, mathematical equation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the continual increase in fossil fuel consumption and
the current focus on global warming, the automotive industry
has the task to develop new engines with high efficiency.
Among the proposed solutions, the Homogeneous Charge
Compression Ignition (HCCI) offers an interesting
compromise which is widely investigated. Combustion of
HCCI engine offers gains in efficiency over traditional
combustion concepts, and it is characterized by a very low
level of Nitric Oxide (NO
X
) and Particulate Matter (PM)
emissions (Yao et al. 2009). Another advantage of HCCI
engine is that it enables the use of a large range of fuels and
additives. However, the challenge is to control the stability of
combustion over the full range of engine operating points and
during transition between two operating point.
Combustion of HCCI engine process is strongly dependent to
thermal, chemical and physical effects. So, many researchers
have conducted in order to control cycle-to-cycle variations
of the combustion through varying initial temperature of the
mixture (Lü et al. 2005; Cinar et al. 2015), wall temperature
(Komninos et al. 2015), intake pressure (Olsson et al. 2001),
Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) (Christensen et al. 1999),
Variable Valve Timing (VVT) (Gregory M Shaver et al.
2006; Prasad et al. 2013) but a fast response actuator is
needed to manage transient operation and implementing these
controls is complex and involves engine architecture
modifications.
Chemical effects are an efficient way to control this
combustion using equivalence ratio, residual or rate of
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) or incorporated additives
in the mixture. As shown in (Jung et al. 2015), the slow
response of the EGR actuator doesn’t allow to control cycle-
to-cycle variations and can lead to three possibilities in the
operating point behaviour: combustion, misfire or knock. The
solution to compensate cycle-to-cycle variations is to
combine dilution using EGR valve (slow response) and
adding a proportion of additives in the mixture (fast
response). Recently, the effect of ozone addition has been
investigated experimentally (Foucher et al. 2013; Pinazzi et
al. 2015) and it has been shown that the use of a small mass
flow of ozone, a strong oxidizer species, can improve the
combustion and forward the phasing of combustion. A flow
of air is used to produce the ozone concentration through an
ozone generator. This generator is working on the principle
of a dielectric barrier discharge. During transitions between
two operating points, the ozone addition can act like a
chemical actuator to compensate cycle-to-cycle variation and
improve the combustion over a wide range of operating
points.
The first step of this work towards the control of cycle-to-
cycle combustion phasing is to develop a model that gives a
good estimation and prediction of the combustion phasing
using position of the EGR valve and ozone mass flow. Two
main techniques are used in the context of combustion of
HCCI engine modelisation: thermo-kinetic models and
control-oriented models. Thermo-kinetic models depends on
thermodynamical and chemical states within combustion
chamber, such as the zero-dimensional Thermo-Kinetic
Models (0D-TKM) of (Fiveland et al. 2000) and multi-zone
models (Neshat et al. 2014). The accuracy of the multi-zone
models to predict in-cylinder pressure and emissions levels
depends on the initial imposed zones, decomposition of
combustion chamber and interaction between zones.
Abstract: The effect of ozone addition on combustion of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
(HCCI) engine was investigated to develop a 0D physical model of combustion and to propose a
predictive static model of combustion parameters. All parameters of the physical model were identified
using a single-cylinder fueled with iso-octane running at constant engine speed (1500rpm) and
equivalence ratio (ϕ= 0.3) but various EGR rates and ozone rates. Experimental data were used to
validate the physical model. Results show that the 0D combustion model yielded good results to capture
combustion parameters like in-cylinder maximum pressure (P
max
), corresponding angle (CAD
pmax
) and
the crank angle degree when 50% of the fuel had burned (CA50). All these parameter have been found
strongly dependent on ozone addition and EGR rate. Then, mathematical equations were developped
presented to describe the static relation between combustion parameters and both EGR rate and ozone
addition.
Laboratoire PRISME, Université d’Orléans, 8 rue Léonard de Vinci, 45072 Orléans Cedex 2, France,
(e-mail :salim.sayssouk@etu.univ-orleans.fr)
S. Sayssouk, D. Nelson-Gruel, C. Caillol, P. Higelin, Y. Chamaillard
Towards control of HCCI combustion by ozone addition: a mathematical
approach to estimate combustion parameters