The Version of Record of this manuscript has been published and is available in Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations Volume 30, 2019 - Issue 2:1-15 DOI: 10.1080/09596410.2019.1599194 Ecumenical Engagement with Eastern Minority Churches in Muslim States: Pro Oriente’s Encounters and Legacies in Syria and Egypt Andreas Schmoller Catholic Private University of Linz, Austria; Centre for the Study of Eastern Christianity, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria ABSTRACT The former Viennese Cardinal Franz König and his foundation Pro Oriente have been prominent actors in the establishment of ecumenical relations between the Catholic Church and Oriental Orthodox Church since the Second Vatican Council. This article discusses the dimension of Christian–Muslim relations of this ecumenical engagement with Middle Eastern churches in the practical field of ecumenical travel to Syria and Egypt. This intertwining of ecumenical and inter-religious engagement is studied on the basis of archival collections and journalistic accounts that make it possible to grasp the administrative process of ‘travelling diplomacy’. The analysis links the practical work of ecumenical relations to the historical legacies of the Western encounter with Islam in the post-Ottoman area. I shall argue that Pro Oriente’s approach was based on a new post-Vatican II theological vision of Islam. Although this did include reorientation with regard to traditional orientalist perceptions, ecumenism also became caught up in political dilemmas that were connected to either an orientalist perception of ecumenical relations (Egypt) or religious legitimization of an authoritarian regime (Syria).