Arab J Sci Eng (2012) 37:1255–1262
DOI 10.1007/s13369-012-0248-8
RESEARCH ARTICLE - CHEMISTRY
Sajeela Ghaffar · Imran Hashmi · M. Ali Awan ·
Habib Nasir · Hira Amjad
Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
in Potable Water Using Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas
Chromatography (SPME-GC)
Received: 17 February 2011 / Accepted: 15 May 2011 / Published online: 12 April 2012
© King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals 2012
Abstract This study is aimed at detection and estimation of five Volatile Organic Compounds (carbon tet-
rachloride, tetrachloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene) by gas
chromatography (GC). These compounds pose a risk to human health as well as environment. As the conven-
tional sample extraction methods are laborious and tiresome involving frequent handling with solvents; solid
phase micro extraction (SPME) technique was employed which is robust and cost-effective method of sample
extraction with minimal exposure and handling of solvents. Sample extraction time was optimized as a first
step by executing replicate analysis over 1, 5, 10 and 15 min while keeping certain other parameters constant;
electron capture detector (ECD) was employed for the detection of analytes. As a second step, reproducibility
of SPME fiber was verified by running replica; relative standard deviation was ranging from 3.5 to 19.3 %.
Drinking water samples collected from selected gas and petrol stations were then analyzed as an application of
the SPME-GC-ECD method. A total of 5 out of 27 sites were found to be contaminated with the compounds
of concern mentioned above; two of them (1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichlorobenzene) showed contamination
above US-EPA’s prescribed limits.
Keywords VOCs · SPME · Extraction time · Reproducibility · SPME-GC-ECD
S. Ghaffar (B ) · I. Hashmi · M. Ali Awan · H. Amjad
Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE),
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12 Campus, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
E-mail: sajeela_g@yahoo.com
H. Nasir
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME),
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12 Campus,
44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
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