1 Freudian and Post-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory and Therapy: An Incipient “Science of Subjectivity” and Therapeutic Model Patrick S. O’Donnell (2021) Introduction and Apologia This is a schematic-like introduction to psychoanalytic theory or philosophy (including its philosophy and psychology of mind) and its correlative mode of therapy. This novel science and its corresponding therapeutic model (in the form of a unique therapeutic regimen known as ‘analysis’) is considerably more modest in aim and scope than what we find in religious and philosophical models of therapeia that go back to Hellenistic ethics and ancient Indic philosophies. Loosely speaking, these “therapies of desire” (or ‘the passions’), “spiritual exercises” and antidotes to ignorance continue in one way or another into our own time, be it, for example, in the Yoga system of Patañjali (400-500 CE) as outlined in the Yogasūtra(s), among sincere devotees of Buddhism, or with those attracted to philosophy as therapeia (or ‘philosophical counseling’) believed prominent in the works, say, of Nietzsche or Wittgenstein. In other words, cures, remedies, therapeutic prescriptions and regimens for “maladies of the soul” or human suffering in its various forms, but especially its psychological and existential incarnations, have long been conspicuous features of philosophical and religious worldviews (this largely ‘Western’ division of intellectual and ethical labor is not hard and fast in classical Indic and Chinese worldviews), and thus it is not surprising that there is a growing literature comparing various dimensions or elements of psychoanalysis (its philosophy and praxis) with Yoga and especially Buddhism. The “modesty” I refer to in Freudian (and Kleinian) psychoanalysis is in reference to the fact that Freud was committed to the relief or amelioration of suffering, this suffering being intrinsic to the human condition and thus not eliminable or subject to transcendence as we frequently find is the case with the aforementioned (especially religious) worldviews (this ‘transcendence’ does not come with death but is thought to be possible in this very life, while embodied, as it were). Psychoanalytic therapy was designed by Freud (i) to increase our capacity for self-knowledge or understanding, (ii) to encourage or enhance the powers of human agency or moral psychological autonomy, and (iii) to set the conditions of or improve the analysand’s capacity for happiness or the little joys we might find in everyday life. As Ernest Wallwork reminds us, although psychoanalysis “is one of the healing arts,” and while it was originally intended to “relieve mainly neurotic suffering” (it has since been extended to address more severe forms of mental disorder