Received January 9, 2020, accepted March 7, 2020, date of publication March 23, 2020, date of current version April 7, 2020. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2982592 Servicing Your Requirements: An FCA and RCA-Driven Approach for Semantic Web Services Composition MAHA DRISS 1,2 , AMANI ALJEHANI 2,3 , WADII BOULILA 1,2 , (Senior Member, IEEE), HAMZA GHANDORH 2 , AND MOHAMMED AL-SAREM 2 1 RIADI Laboratory, National School of Computer Sciences, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia 2 College of Computer Science and Engineering (CCSE), Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia 3 College of Computer and Cyber Sciences, University of Prince Mugrin, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia Corresponding author: Maha Driss (maha.idriss@riadi.rnu.tn) ABSTRACT The evolution of Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) provides more efficient software develop- ment methods for building and engineering new value-added service-based applications. SOC is a computing paradigm that relies on Web services as fundamental elements. Research and technical advancements in Web services composition have been considered as an effective opportunity to develop new service-based applications satisfying complex requirements rapidly and efficiently. In this paper, we present a novel approach enhancing the composition of semantic Web services. The novelty of our approach, as compared to others reported in the literature, rests on: i) mapping user’s/organization’s requirements with Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) and semantic descriptions using ontologies, ii) considering functional requirements and also different types of non-functional requirements, such as quality of service (QoS), quality of experience (QoE), and quality of business (QoBiz), iii) using Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) technique to select the optimal set of Web services, iv) considering composability levels between sequential Web services using Relational Concept Analysis (RCA) technique to decrease the required adaptation efforts, and finally, v) validating the obtained service-based applications by performing an analytical technique, which is the monitoring. The approach experimented on an extended version of the OWLS-TC dataset, which includes more than 10830 Web services descriptions from various domains. The obtained results demonstrate that our approach allows to successfully and effectively compose Web services satisfying different types of user’s functional and non-functional requirements. INDEX TERMS Web services composition, requirements, semantic Web services, QoS, QoE, QoBiz, FCA, RCA. I. INTRODUCTION The widespread use of the Web and the development of network technologies is the next step in the evolutionary implementation chain of distributed applications that led to the emergence of the Web service paradigm. Web services have emerged as a new technology that, through interop- erability opportunities it offers, ranks now as a focal point of multiple technological actors from various fields such as e-commerce, e-learning, e-government, or other fields. The W3C defines Web services as software components with one or more transactions ranging from simple to complex. These components are published, discovered, and invoked across The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Zhangbing Zhou . the Web through the use of the Internet as communication infrastructure and XML as data format [1]. The emergence of the Web service paradigm marked a significant evolution in the history of the Internet, which was intended to act as a vector for data exchange. With Web services, the Internet became a platform for self- describing, easily integrated, and loosely-coupled software components [2], [3]. Web services have come to alleviate the problems encountered by enterprises in terms of interoper- ability, and this by implementing Service Oriented Architec- ture (SOA) [4], which is based on a set of open standards. The standardization process involves three layers of the nec- essary infrastructure of SOA: the communication protocol, the description specification, and finally, the publication and location specification. 59326 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ VOLUME 8, 2020