Research Article Spectrum of Thyroid Abnormalities among Children Living with HIV in Lagos, Nigeria Adeseye Akinsete , 1 Elizabeth Oyenusi, 2 Babatunde Odugbemi, 3 Tinuola Odugbemi, 4 and Edamisan Temiye 1 1 Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria 2 Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital/Pediatric Endocrinology Training Center for West Africa, Nigeria 3 Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria 4 College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria Correspondence should be addressed to Adeseye Akinsete; seye.akinsete@gmail.com Received 21 November 2018; Revised 21 February 2019; Accepted 4 March 2019; Published 21 March 2019 Academic Editor: Massimo Tonacchera Copyright © 2019 Adeseye Akinsete et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Tyroid disorders have been described in an adult population but are underreported in the pediatric population. Te aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and describe the spectrum of thyroid abnormalities among HIV infected children on Highly Active Antiretroviral Terapy (HAART) in Lagos, Nigeria. Tis was a cross-sectional study carried out at a teaching hospital with an antiretroviral therapy (ART) center. Serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) were analyzed in 83 children living with HIV on HAART and 51 controls. Te prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and correlation of fT3, fT4, and TSH with duration on HAART, age, CD4 count, and nutritional status were assessed. Tyroid abnormalities were seen in 9.6% of the children living with HIV comprising subclinical hypothyroidism in 6%, euthyroid sick syndrome in 2.4%, and overt hypothyroidism in 1.2% as compared to 2% subclinical thyroid disease among the controls (p= 0.15). Hypothyroidism was correlated with CD4 count and viral load. None of the patients had clinical features of thyroid disease. Tyroid abnormalities were more prevalent among children living with HIV and yearly screening with follow-up is advocated. 1. Introduction Spectrum of yroid Abnormalities among Children Living with HIV in Lagos, Nigeria. Te Human Immunodefciency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Defciency Syndrome (AIDS) are one of the commonest causes of childhood morbidity and mortality afecting an estimated two million children worldwide. Sixty-seven percent of these afected children reside in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. As at 2015, an estimated number of 3.5 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, (prevalence rate of 3.1%) with an estimated 260,000 children [2]. Te initial approach to care of afected individuals was palliative [3] but, with the use of combination chemotherapy, there has been an improve- ment in both immunologic and clinical response with more individuals living for prolonged periods. Consequently, HIV/AIDS has become a chronic condition requiring life- long management [4–7]. Te thyroid gland is an important regulator of cellular metabolism and growth, and dysfunction of the gland has been implicated in suboptimal functions of organs and sys- tems within the body. Te spectrum of thyroid dysfunction has been documented but mainly with regard to populations with HIV/AIDS outside sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [8–10]. Te prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism among indi- viduals living with HIV/AIDS has been documented to be higher than in the general population and highest among patients on HAART [11, 12]. Furthermore, the prevalence of Graves’ disease has been reported to be higher among patients with immune reconstitution syndrome [13]. Non- thyroidal illness (sick euthyroid) has also been noticed to be quite common.in advanced AIDS [14–16], Finally, overt Hindawi Journal of yroid Research Volume 2019, Article ID 1096739, 6 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1096739