Comparison of the HCR-20
V3
, the WAVR-21
V3
, and the CAG
Performance Across Workplace Homicide Scenarios: A Pilot Study
Mario J. Scalora
1
, Rosa Vi ˜ nas-Racionero
1
, and James S. Cawood
2
1
Department of Psychology and Public Policy Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
2
Public Policy Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Although rare, instances of lethal workplace violence generate a climate of insecurity
among the workforce and spur a myriad of initiatives designed to combat this problem.
While many of these initiatives have already proved fruitful, there are several practical
concerns that must be further resolved. One of these concerns is the lack of empirically
validated instrumentation to guide the assessment of individuals with the potential to
become violent at the workplace. Accordingly, this pilot study sought to provide
preliminary data on the comparability of three violence risk assessment instruments,
the Historical, Clinical, Risk-Management-20 Version 3 (HCR-20
V3
), the Workplace
Assessment of Violence Risk-Version 3 (WAVR-21
V3
), and the Cawood Assessment
Grid (CAG)—the latter two were designed specifically for assessing the risk of violence
in workplace settings. Collectively, our results suggest that these three instruments
demonstrated a potential to guide risk assessment processes effectively. Specifically, the
three instruments showed statistically comparable levels of rater reliability, a fair degree
of convergence, and similarly adequate predictive power. Despite its pilot character and
particular outcome population, this study provided a starting point from which to
continue examining the instruments’ capability to provide accurate forecasts of risk
for physically violent behavior in workplace settings.
Public Significance Statement
This pilot study sought to provide preliminary data on the comparability of three
violence risk assessment instruments, the Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20,
Version 3, the Workplace Assessment of Violence Risk-Version 3, and the Cawood
Assessment and Response Grids. The results suggest that these three instruments
showed comparable levels of rater reliability, a fair degree of convergence, and
similarly predictive power.
Keywords: workplace violence, risk assessment tools, risk factors, predictive validity,
interrater reliability
Workplace violence comprises threats and acts
of physical or sexual violence that endanger
the wellbeing and life of employees, customers,
clients, and business associates in occupational
environments (ASIS International & the Society
of Human Resource Management, 2011). While
most violence occurs when the perpetrator is a
stranger to the organization (e.g., robbers or
assailants; Harrell, 2011), concerns about work-
place homicide often appear after the occurrence
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.
This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
Rosa Vi ˜ nas-Racionero https://orcid.org/0000-0003-
2439-5505
James S. Cawood is the author of the Cawood Assess-
ment Grid.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed
to Mario J. Scalora, Department of Psychology and Public
Policy Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 215 Centennial
Mall South, Suite 410, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States.
Email: mscalora1@unl.edu
186
Journal of Threat Assessment and Management
© 2021 American Psychological Association 2020, Vol. 7, Nos. 3–4, 186–199
ISSN: 2169-4842 https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000154