© 2002 Diabetes UK. Diabetic Medicine, 19, 317–321 317
Introduction
The importance of good glucose control in preventing diabetic
complications is now well accepted [1–3]. However, the means
to achieve good control in real life are not well defined. The
highest glucose levels of the day for people with diabetes are
usually post-prandial. Post-prandial hyperglycaemia has been
reported to be at least as important as fasting hyperglycaemia
in relation to atherosclerotic disease, fetal and maternal out-
come, risk for retinopathy and nephropathy, and mortality
from diabetes [4 –12]. There has, however, been a paucity of
research on how to best control post-prandial hyperglycaemia.
One study showed after a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal of
pizza, tiramisu and non-diet cola, insulin lispro resulted in a
22% reduction in area under the curve in comparison with
soluble insulin [13]. Other studies have also shown the superi-
ority of insulin lispro in comparison with soluble insulin in
Correspondence to: H. Peter Chase MD, Barbara Davis Center, 4200 East 9th
Ave, B140, Denver, CO 80262, USA. E-mail: Peter.Chase@uchsc.edu
Abstract
Aims To determine if one method of short-acting insulin bolus administration
is superior to other methods in managing a meal high in carbohydrates, calories
and fat.
Methods Nine subjects receiving continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion using
insulin lispro (Humalog®) agreed to consume the same meal high in carbohydrates,
calories and fat on four occasions 1 week apart. They received the same dose of
bolus insulin on each of the four occasions randomly assigned and beginning
10 min prior to the meal as either a single bolus, two separate boluses of one-
half the same total dose (the second after 90 min), the entire bolus given as a
square-wave (over 2 h) or a dual-wave (70% as a bolus and 30% as a square-wave
over 2 h). Blood glucose levels were measured at – 60 and – 30 min and at zero time,
and then every half-hour for 6 h using the Hemacue® in the out-patient clinic.
Results Changes in blood glucose values from fasting were the lowest after 90
and 120 min (P < 0.01) when the dual wave was administered. When the dual or
square-wave methods of insulin administration were used, subjects had significantly
lower glucose levels after 4 h in comparison with when the single or double
boluses were used (P = 0.04).
Conclusions We conclude that the dual wave provided the most effective method
of insulin administration for this meal. The dual- and square-wave therapies
resulted in lower glucose levels 4 h after the meal in comparison with the single
and double-bolus treatments.
Diabet. Med. 19, 317 – 321 (2002)
Keywords Type 1 diabetes, post-prandial glucose, bolus insulin
Abbreviations HbA
1c
, haemoglobin A
1c
; DCCT, Diabetes Control and
Complications Trial
Blackwell Science Ltd Oxford, UK DME Diabetic Medicine 0742-3071 Blackwell Science Ltd, 2001 October 2001 19 000 000 Original article Original article Post-prandial glucose control • H. P. Chase et al.
Post-prandial glucose excursions following four
methods of bolus insulin administration in subjects
with Type 1 diabetes
H. P. Chase, S. Z. Saib, T. MacKenzie, M. M. Hansen and S. K. Garg
Department of Paediatrics, Barbara Davis Center,
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center,
Denver, CO, USA
Accepted 19 October 2001