both conform to and challenge Western forms of
knowledge production.
This position also underpins Lekson’s assessment of
the new movement known as Indigenous archaeology.
He writes, “Archaeology is not Indigenous, any more
than physics or economics or political science are Indi-
genous” (p. 159). Well yes and no. These disciplines
certainly have their origins in Western European insti-
tutions, but this does not mean that they cannot be
broadened. Indigenous perspectives can lead to new
questions and answers about what constitutes the
archaeological record. They are also revealing valuable
insights into the ontologically complex intersections
of the past in the present. Crucially, this broadening
of archaeology requires, among other things, the pro-
vision of new opportunities for Indigenous peoples to
obtain training and secure careers in the profession.
In conclusion, the contributions of A study of South-
western archaeology are twofold. It challenges South-
western archaeology to confront its dominant theories,
received assumptions and unexamined biases. This is
entirely congruent with Taylor’s message delivered
over 70 years ago. Lekson is undoubtedly correct that
we have created and reproduced invidious stereotypes
in our attempts to understand Indigenous Southwestern
peoples and cultures. It also encourages us to consider
the Southwest at the appropriate scale—with Chaco
positioned alongside other regional polities, such as
Tula and Cahokia, in a vast interlinked network incorp-
orating different forms of political organisation, some
of which can properly be called states. Yet, in the end,
Lekson’s exegesis seems more focused on preserving
prehistory for archaeologists, than on strengthening
Southwestern archaeology for the twenty-first century.
References
Geertz, C. 1973. The interpretation of cultures:
selected essays. New York: Basic.
Taylor, W.W. 1948. A study of archaeology (Memoir
of the American Anthropological Association 69).
Menasha (WI): American Anthropological
Association.
Robert W. Preucel
Department of Anthropology
Brown University, USA
(Email: robert_preucel@brown.edu)
Jane MacLaren Walsh & Brett Topping. The man
who invented Aztec crystal skulls: the adventures of
Eugène Boban. 2019. New York & Oxford:
Berghahn; 978-1-78920-095-9 £60.
There is a good chance
that any popular book,
website or television
programme about
‘mysteries’ will feature
a crystal skull associated
with one part of the hal-
lowed trinity of Aztecs,
Atlanteans or aliens.
Jane MacLaren Walsh
and Brett Topping
demonstrate that ‘mys-
teries’ can be solved, if
one is willing to put in the effort. The crystal skulls
have occupied the hidden space between sensational
museum object and rumoured hoax. The work of
Walsh and Topping and others, detailed in the
book, puts the ‘mystery’ to bed. As the title suggests,
The man who invented Aztec crystal skulls: the adven-
tures of Eugène Boban is both a biography and an
investigation into the quartz curiosities that have
illegitimately become some of the most recognisable
artefacts associated with Mesoamerica. The latter
aspect provides a stunning insight that I will not spoil
here, but brought a smile to my face as I realised the
case the authors had been laying out in previous chap-
ters. This solution to the mystery of the crystal skulls is
only revealed because of the deep research into the life
and activities of Eugène Boban (1834–1908), alter-
nately the purveyor of bogus Aztec crystal skulls and
an important expert collector and scholar of Meso-
american archaeology and codices.
In tracking the crystal skulls through Boban’s life,
Walsh and Topping describe the origins of Mexican
archaeology. Prior to the professionalisation of archae-
ology, the past was largely left to elite gentlemen of
means. Boban’s family in France had a background
in the creation of fine objects for the wealthy, arguably
the same profession he followed as a purveyor of real
Mexican artefacts, human remains and other ques-
tionable curios. Walsh and Topping go into extensive
detail on the social and historical context of the disas-
ters Boban had a knack for encountering. Many of
them were the result of the Second French Empire
(Boban became known as “the Emperor’s
Book reviews
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