Hoggart, K., Lees, L.C. and Davies, A.R. (2002) Researching Human Geography, Arnold, London Contents List of boxes List of figures 1 Method and methodology in human geography 1 2 Research design 40 3 By the book? using published data 75 4 Behind the scenes: archives and documentary records 119 5 Superficial encounters: social survey methods 169 6 Close encounters: interviews and focus groups 201 7 Part of life: research as lived experience 251 Postscript: multi-layered conundrums 302 Glossary 307 Bibliography 313 Index 353 Boxes 1.1 Postmodernism: a reaction against the Enlightenment Project 1.2 Three strands of postmodernism 1.3 Secondary hypotheses introduce divergent research literatures 1.4 'Controlling' for multiple effects when evaluating causality 1.5 Realism and contingency in the farm structures of three US regions 1.6 A typology of social constructivisms 2.1 Menu of methods used in Participatory Rural Appraisal 2.2 Experimental research designs 3.1 First date for publication of local government statistical series by the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA) 3.2 Regular statistical reports on housing in England and Wales 3.3 Misreporting basic data in nineteenth century UK censuses 3.4 Adjusting official statistics for political ends? 3.5 Fogel and Engerman on the economics of US slavery 4.1 Distortions in recalling the past 4.2 The Rural History Centre Archive, University of Reading 4.3 The Mass-Observation Archive, University of Sussex 4.4 The 'unique' and the theoretically critical 4.5 The Zinoviev letter 4.6 Tendencies toward bias in newspaper reports 4.7 Alphabetical list of wealth nouns in Lasswell's value dictionary 4.8 Checking for bias in whole accounts using content analysis 4.9 Foucault's pendulum 5.1 The teengo website questionnaire 5.2 Uneven responses to mail questionnaire items 5.3 Problem words for questionnaires 5.4 Differences between open-ended and checklist answers to survey questions 6.1 Research context in the study of risk 6.2 Visible researchers – reflexivity and positionality 6.3 The politics of placing 6.4 The art of asking questions 6.5 Encouraging participation 6.6 The challenge of interpretation 6.7 Ethics and responsibility 7.1 Some Chicago School legacies for contemporary ethnographic research in geography 7.2 Four types of 'participation' and 'observation'