International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 60 (2021) 102255 Available online 20 April 2021 2212-4209/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Farm households’ perceptions and adaptation strategies to climate change risks and their determinants: Evidence from Raya Azebo district, Ethiopia Selamawit Fantahun Sertse a, 1 , Nasir Abbas Khan b, 1, * , Ashfaq Ahmad Shah b , Yonggong Liu c , Syed Asif Ali Naqvi b, d a College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources (CDANR), Mekelle University, Southern Tigray Mekelle, Ethiopia b School of Management Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China c College of Humanities and Development Studies (COHD), China Agricultural University Beijing, 100083, China d Department of Economics, Government College University Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan A R T I C L E INFO Keywords: Climate change Perception Adaptation Determinants Farm-households Ethiopia ABSTRACT Ethiopia’s agriculture is facing signifcant challenges of climate change and associated hazards. Farm-level adaptation could serve as an important tool to manage these production risks. This study took the case of a vulnerable farming community of Raya Azebo district of Tigray region of Ethiopia to map household level perceptions of climate change and its induced risks, adaptation strategies, and associated factors. A multi-stage sampling approach is used to select a sample of 397 farm households from the study area and analyzed using descriptive and interferential statistics. Results show that farm households perceived signifcant changes in the climate, such as an increase in temperature (overall), a decline in precipitation (overall), and altering patterns of rainfall. Further, farmers’ reported risks include droughts, foods, and increased pests and disease attacks on the crops. Farmers, in response to climate variability, were adopting various adaptation measures to manage climate risks at the farm-level. Crop diversifcation (99%), mulching (88%), soil and water management practices (78%), and use of alternative tillage practices (74%) were reported to be the most, while the use of improved seed (27%), planting trees (26%), mixed farming (12%), and home farm practice (3%) were reported to be the least adopted adaptation strategies. Results of the binary logit model showed that household head’s age, literacy level, utilization of credit service, utilization of extension services, and access to farm water were the signifcant de- terminants of important adaptation strategies. This study implies improving rural households’ access to various institutions-led services (i.e., climate information, advisory, and credit) to improve their adaptation and liveli- hood resilience. 1. Introduction Climate change poses risks to human and natural systems on a global scale [1]. Increased frequency and incidence of disasters such as droughts and foods are the most devastating risks associated with global change [2]. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected that these changes would be more severe and frequent in the near future, and countries, particularly in the global south, will face severe challenges to various sectors of their economy, including agri- culture [3]. Ethiopia is one of those developing nations that are becoming increasingly vulnerable to climate-induced risks [4]. Among major sectors, Ethiopia’s agriculture is facing signifcant threats, which mainly include crop yield reduction of primary staple food crops [5]. Given such challenges, the food security and livelihoods of millions of rural farm-households are at the mercy of climate change [6]. These challenges are particularly alarming for a developing country like Ethiopia, where agriculture contributes over 40% to its Gross Do- mestic Products (GDP) and employs over 80% of its labor force [5,7]. In order to mitigate these challenges, farm-level adaptation and risk management are considered important tools to cope with climatic ca- tastrophes [8,9]. Adaptation is an essential strategy to empower farmers to cope with the adverse impact of climate change, which enhances the * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: nasirkhanpk@outlook.com, nasirkhanpk@cau.edu.cn (N.A. Khan). 1 These authors have contributed equally to this manuscript. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijdrr https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102255 Received 20 September 2020; Received in revised form 4 April 2021; Accepted 8 April 2021