1 Title: Indirect human impacts turn off reciprocal feedbacks and decrease ecosystem resilience 1 2 3 4 Authors: Mark D. Bertness 1 *, Caitlin P. Brisson 1 and Sinead M. Crotty 1 5 6 7 8 Author Affiliations: 1 Brown University Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Box 9 G-W, Providence, RI 02912 (USA) 10 11 12 13 * Corresponding Author Information: 14 Phone: 401-863-2916; Fax: 401-863-2166; Email: Mark_Bertness@brown.edu 15 16 17 18 19 1 Author Contributions: MDB conceived the idea. MDB and CPB designed the methodology. MDB, CPB, and SMC performed the experiments. CPB and SMC processed the data. CPB analyzed the data. CPB and MDB wrote the manuscript; all authors provided editorial advice.