Total Site Heat Integration incorporating the water sensible heat Peng Yen Liew a , Sharifah Raﬁdah Wan Alwi a, * , Jeng Shiun Lim a , Petar Sabev Varbanov b , Ji  rí Jaromír Kleme  s b , Zainuddin Abdul Manan a a Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Facultyof Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia b Centre for Process Integration and Intensiﬁcation e CPI 2 , Research Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering-M } UKKI, Faculty of Information Technology, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u.10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary article info Article history: Received 21 September 2013 Received in revised form 17 December 2013 Accepted 19 December 2013 Available online xxx Keywords: Total site Heat integration Pinch analysis Problem Table Algorithm Sensible heat Cascade analysis abstract Analysis of steam and water losses in the Total Site (TS) utility system is critical in process industry. Makeup water plays an important role in maintaining the water balance in the steam and condensate systems. Total Site Heat Integration (TSHI) offers a solution to increase energy savings as well as energy efﬁciency and consequently, to promote sustainability. However, so far most studies on TSHI have not considered the water sensible heat in TS targeting; e.g. for Boiler Feed Water (BFW) preheating and steam superheating during steam generation. In this work, an extended methodology is developed to target the minimum utility requirements in a steam system that considers the water sensible heat. The Extended Total Site Problem Table Algorithm (TS-PTA) is proposed as a systematic numerical tool to consider the sensible heat while targeting the Total Site utility requirements. The Extended Site Composite Curves (ESCC) are developed as a visualisation tool for the Extended TS-PTA. Illustrative and industrial case studies are used to verify the methodology. The results demonstrate the signiﬁcance of considering the sensible heat of water on the TS utility targets. Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The rising energy cost and the growing global concern on climate change have been the key drivers toward sustainable development. Energy efﬁciency is becoming increasingly important to the industrial sector to reduce carbon emissions and to control the rising energy cost (Dovì et al., 2009). The key barriers for energy efﬁciency improvements in the process industry included ﬁnancial, knowledge, technology and motivation (Walsh and Thornley, 2012). Process Integration using the Pinch Analysis technique has been applied in the industry for nearly 40 years (Kleme s et al., 2013) and has been related to Process Intensiﬁcation as well (Kleme s and Varbanov, 2013). The methodology has been developed originally for heat saving (Linnhoff et al., 1982) and extended to address various resource conservation problems to achieve cleaner pro- duction. Established Pinch Analysis applications include water integration (Wang and Smith, 1994), mass integration (El-Halwagi and Manousiouthakis, 1990), hydrogen integration (Alves and Towler, 2002), gas integration (Foo and Manan, 2006) and Carbon Emission Pinch Analysis e CEPA (Tan and Foo, 2007). Later publi- cations on the carbon management in process industry (Munir et al., 2012) and heat recovery loops for integrating large indus- trial sites (Atkins et al., 2012) have proven that Process Integration leads to cleaner processes and better environmental footprints. So far, carbon emission is the most highlighted in environmental footprints (  Cu cek et al., 2012). Munir et al. (2012) introduced the Carbon Management Hierarchy to guide the carbon reduction process and achieve the targeted minimum carbon emissions. The Total Site Heat Integration e TSHI was introduced by Dhole and Linnhoff (1993) and further developed by Kleme s et al. (1997) as a technique to improve the energy efﬁciency of large industrial sites. The concept considers a Total Site e TS (some authors use the term side-wide) Heat Integration approach via utility system and offers further energy conservation opportunities for process in- dustry. The TSHI concept is closely related to the water manage- ment of an industrial processing plant due to the utilisation of the centralised steam system as the heat transfer media. Water man- agement in the industrial site affects the energy efﬁciency of the processes, which high water losses would leads to high energy losses. Graphical tools are frequently used in the TSHI analysis. These include the Total Site Proﬁles e TSP, Site Composite Curves e SCC, and Site Utility Grand Composite Curve e SUGCC (Kleme s et al., 2010). The TSP shows the total heat source and heat sink * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ60 75536025. E-mail addresses: shasha@cheme.utm.my, sr_wanalwi@yahoo.com (S.R. Wan Alwi). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro 0959-6526/$ e see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.047 Journal of Cleaner Production xxx (2014) 1e11 Please cite this article in press as: Liew, P.Y., et al., Total Site Heat Integration incorporating the water sensible heat, Journal of Cleaner Production (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.047