Vol.4, No.4, 252-257 (2012) Natural Science http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2012.44036 Motion machines of second kind Georgi Krastev, Kiril Kolikov, Yordan Epitropov * Plovdiv University “P. Hilendarski”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; * Corresponding Author: epitropov@uni-plovdiv.bg Received 12 January 2012; revised 19 February 2012; accepted 28 February 2012 ABSTRACT The second law of thermodynamics, i.e. the law stating that the entropy in isolated macroscopic system can never decrease, is tightly connected to the work of the device called perpetual motion machine of second kind. Often this law is also defined as the inability to construct such a de- vice. In the current paper we give complete, in- dependent and consistent definitions of static, stationary and changing physical field. Based on that for the first time we give summarising, cor- rect and complete definitions of natural resource machine and perpetual motion machine of sec- ond kind as well as motion machine of second kind in the set of tardyons and luxons. We pre- sent a principal structure of a motion machine of second kind using which we show that the Clausius statement and its equivalent statements in the thermodynamics can be violated for a practically big interval-time even under equilib- rium fluctuations. Keywords: Tardyons; Luxons; Physical Field; Second Law of Thermodynamics; Perpetual Motion Machine of Second Kind 1. INTRODUCTION Let be the set of tardyons and luxons in a given macroscopic system. Tardyons and luxons are above- vacuum particles with respectively positive and zero standard rest masses which exist even freely in a physical three dimensional space. Tardyons are electrons, protons, neutrons, etc. Luxons are photons, the neutrino as well as the hypothetical particles gravitons the definite existence of which has not been experimentally proven yet. Ex- actly in the set all the unsuccessful attempts in the history of humanity to create a perpetual motion machine of second kind have taken place [1].   In this paper we give for the first time summarising, correct and complete definitions in of natural re- source machine and of perpetual motion machine of second kind. (Strict definitions of these terms are not given anywhere in the literature.) We also define in   a new term—motion machine of second kind. We present a principal structure of such a machine and exactly using it we show that the Clausius statement in thermodynamics (and its equivalent statements) can be violated for a prac- tically big interval-time even under equilibrium fluctua- tions. 2. ABOUT THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The second law of thermodynamics is defined based on summarising of experimental facts but cannot be proven in the borders of thermodynamics. From statisti- cal physics’ point of view it has a statistical character, i.e. it holds for the most probable behaviour of a system. There are a few equivalent statements connected to the second law of thermodynamics, namely Thomson (Kel- vin), Caratheodory and others. The oldest of them, for- mulated in 1850 is the Clausius statement according to which in an isolated macroscopic system consisting of two materials with different temperature under constant external parameters energy can flow only from the mate- rial at higher temperature to the material at lower tem- perature. But this statement as we show in our paper can be violated for a practically big interval-time. In 1854 Clausius gives another form of the second law of thermodynamics: “heat cannot of itself, without the intervention of any external agency, pass from a colder to a hotter body” [2]. He also formulates the second law the following way: “it is impossible to construct a device that, operating in a cycle, will produce no effect other than the extraction of heat from a cooler to a warmer body” [3]. According to the second law of thermodynamics the existence of a motion machine which continuously and without external agency converts heat into work is im- possible. But there is no such restriction for a motion machine which continuously converts work into heat— indeed, work is converted into heat whenever there is friction. Therefore the second law states that some proc- esses are time-asymmetric, i.e. irreversible. Thus this time-asymmetric law cannot be proven using only time- Copyright © 2012 SciRes. OPEN ACCESS