Todd L. VanPool and Christine S. VanPool Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 - 1086 Abstract Increased interaction between indigenolls peoples and archaeologists has raised a number of issues. primafy among which is the nature of appropriate theoretical struc tll res. MallY alternate perspectives may be useful. However. the issue is complicated by (he presence of two rypes of knowledge systems: subjective knowledge held unavailable f or evaluation (e.g. some religious beliefs). and ohjective knowledge that can be evalullted by individua ls employing different perspectives (e .g.. some migration stories). Subjective know/edge is inherently personal and consensus on these issues lIlay not be possible. 1n contrast. evaluation ot objective know le dge //I lly af/ow indigenous groups and archaeologists to reach a consensus concerning the past. The relationsh ip between indigenous and 'western' or traditional academic archaeology is frequently cast in tenns of a conflict between scienti fic versus nonscientific approaches (e.g., Cunningham this volume; Deloria 1995 :35; Han- is this volume; Nicholas and Andrew 1997 :6; Wobst and Smith in th is volume). Within this view, scientific archaeolo gy , and science in general, is identified as inherentl y We tern, and generally colonialist (Magubane and Faris 198 5:99; Smith this volume; Tr igger 1980). In contrast, Indigenous archaeology is characterized as no nscientific and even antagonistic towards a scientific fr amework by definition. For example, Ga ry White Deer (1998:333) has rece ntly drawn the distinction between the 'scientific imperative' of traditional archaeology and Native Ame ri can spirituality, and states " the Scientific Imperative no longer has the currency it once did." He observes that there is a "chasm" (White Deer 1998:33 1) between th e science of archaeology and the spiri tu ality of Native Americans, a chasm that can only be breached by traditional archaeology adopti ng a more spiritual approach (s ee Harris thi volume for a sim ilar perspective). We agree with White Deer's general discussion and his suggestions for increased communication and cooperation, but differ with him in regards to his view of the nature of the chasm that serarates [ndigenous and traditional academic archaeology. We suggest that the supposed conflict between science as a knowledge system and Indigenous archaeology rests on a mis understanding of the nature of science, and argue that the difference between Indigenous and traditional archaeologi es cannot and should not be framed in terms of science vs. non-science. Simply put, we contend that there is nothing inherently Western or Colonialist about science itself. To the contrary, e ery society has a fonn of science, a logical structure explaining aspects of the world developed through empirical evaluation, which allows the society's members to deal with the natura l and social environment (see also Cajete 2000). Thus, we argue that the dichotomy between "scientific archaeology " and "Indigenous archaeology" is fa l se, and is a fundamenta l stumbling block for the conti nued development of Indigenous 69