Journal of Geology and Mining Research Vol. 2(5), pp. 101-113, October 2010
Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/jgmr
ISSN 2006 – 9766 ©2010 Academic Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Kinematics of faults and joints at Enugu area of the
Anambra basin
D.K. Amogu*, A. C. Ekwe and K. M. Onuoha
Department of Geology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Accepted 23 August, 2010
Structural analysis of joints and fault data obtained from exposures of the Enugu and Mamu formations
formed the basis for establishing the paleostress direction and stress field rotation within the study
area. Four sets of joints were dominant in the study area. Analysis of two conjugate sets: J
1
and J
2
separated by a dihedral angle of 40° shows that the maximum principal stress σ
1
at the time of
formation of these joints was oriented 128° azimuth and 16° plunge. The intermediate stress σ
2
was
oriented 262° azimuth and 70° plunge while the minimum stress σ
3
was oriented 35° azimuth and 16°
plunge. The joint sets gave a NW-SE orientation of the maximum principal stress. The joint spacing
ranges from 10 - 100 cm in the Enugu Shale to about 300 cm at the top unit of Mamu formation. The
abrupt termination of the siltstone/fine sandstone unit against shale within the Enugu shale is an
evidence of the deformation of the unit by several normal faults. Two faults F
1
and F
2
form a conjugate
fault pattern. F
1
has a listric fault plane dipping NE, a growth index of 1.35 and is flanked by a small-
scale rollover structure. F
2
is oriented 315° azimuth parallel to one of the joint sets and dipping in the
NW direction. The paleostress direction deduced from these faults suggest that the maximum stress
(σ
1
) orientation was 275° and plunge 5°; the intermediate stress (σ
2
) was orientated 10° azimuth and 40°
plunge while the minimum stress (σ
3
) orientation was 179° azimuth and 52° plunge. This shows a
clockwise rotation of the stress fields that formed the joints and the faults respectively. Extrapolation of
the results of the orientation analysis of these fractures into the subsurface will enhance the
understanding of permeable zone, fluid migration pattern and therefore increase the success rate in the
exploration and exploitation of groundwater and even in the management of the mine drainage
problems in the Enugu coalfields.
Key words: Kinematics, paleostress direction, principal stress, dihedral angle, faults, joints.
INTRODUCTION
On outcrop scale, the cretaceous sedimentary rocks of
the Anambra basin bears some deformation structures
which till date, have not been carefully studied using
structural method. These structures are rarely mentioned
either as supporting evidence to continuous subsidence
of the basin or to buttress the tertiary extensional regime
within the basin as often stated by some authors.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: dan_amogu@yahoo.com.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study are to:
1. Establish the spatial distribution of joints and faults in
the study area;
2. Map and analyze them using structural methods;
3. Determine the principal stress directions at the time of
formation of these structures; and
4. Highlight the implications of these structures as they
affect the stress regime in the basin, reservoir potentials