© 2021 Pharmacognosy Research | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‑ Medknow 387 In vivo Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antipyretic, Analgesic, and Anti‑Infammatory Activities of Nilavembu Kudineer Capsule in Comparison with Siddha Classical Nilavembu Kudineer G. S. Lekha, E. Deepika 1 , S. Swetha 1 , A. Kanagarajan, V. Gayathridevi, K. S. Santhy 1 Siddha Regional Research Institute (SRRI), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, under CCRS, Ministry of AYUSH Govt. of India, 1 Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT Background: The classical Siddha formulation Nilavembu Kudineer (NVK) is more effective in treating fever, infection, pain, and infammation, but it is a liquid, is bitter in taste, is in a non‑palatable form, and hence it was converted into a portable and palatable NVK capsule with increased shelf‑life to comply with the needs of patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the NVK capsule in comparison with the classical NVK by using animal models. Materials and Methods: NVK and NVK capsules were processed as per the standard operating procedures, and the extracts were prepared for oral administration. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the drug in comparative assay with the standards – ciprofoxacin and fuconazole – were evaluated by the agar diffusion method. Analgesic activity of NVK and NVK Capsule was studied in Swiss albino mice of either sex (n=4), compared with positive control group; Antipyretic and antiinfammatory activity was studied in Wistar rats of either sex (n=4), compared with the positive control of Paracetamol and Indomethacin respectively.. Results: The zone of inhibition in antimicrobial assay revealed that NVK capsule is more effective than the extract of NVK. The NVK capsule at 200 mg/kg has equal and consistent ef fcacy (P < 0.01) to reduce pyrexia compared to paracetamol 150 mg/kg at 1–5 h. Furthermore NVK capsule at 400 mg/kg showed a statistically signifcant analgesic effect (P < 0.01) and higher level of inhibition of infammation in comparison with NVK and indomethacin (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The study concludes that NVK capsule has very effective antimicrobial, analgesic, antipyretic, and anti‑infammatory activities in comparison with classical NVK. Key words: Anti‑infammatory, antimicrobial, antipyretic, Nilavembu Kudineer, Siddha SUMMARY Te classical Siddha formulation Nilavembu Kudineer (NVK) is in liquid form, bitter in taste and of short shelf‑life and hence it was converted into a portable and palatable form of NVK Capsule with increased shelf‑life. Te aim of this study is to evaluate the efectiveness of Nilavembu Kudineer Capsule in comparison with classical Nilavembu Kudineer by using animal models. Te study concludes that the portable and palatable form of Nilavembu Kudineer Capsule is more efective while comparing with the extract of Nilavembu Kudineer. Abbreviations Used: NVK‑ Nilavembu Kudineer, EENKC‑ Ethanolic extract of Nilavembu Kudineer Choornam, CHIKV – Chikungunya Virus, DENV‑2 –Dengue Virus, SOP‑ Standard Operating Procedures, IAEC‑ Institutional Animal Ethical Committee, CPCSEA – Committee for the purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals, VC‑ Volume of Control, VT‑ Volume of Treated animals, WC‑ Weight of Control, WT‑ Weight of Treated animals, COX‑ Cyclooxygenase, PGE2‑ Prostaglandin E, SEM‑ Standard Error of Mean SE‑ Standard Error. Correspondence: Dr. G. S. Lekha, Siddha Regional Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram ‑ 695 012, Kerala, India. E‑mail: itsecsrri.tvm‑ayush@gov.in DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_23_20 ORIGINAL ARTICLE INTRODUCTION Nilavembu Kudineer (NVK) is one of the well‑known classical multi‑herbal Siddha formulations useful in the prevention and control of many vector‑borne diseases. An investigation using the ethanolic extract of Nilavembu Kudineer choornam (EENKC) in infammation, pain, and pyrexia of animal models proved its antipyretic, anti‑infammatory, and analgesic activities. [1] Te oral administration of EENKC at the dose 2000 mg/kg did not exhibit any signs of toxicity up to 14 days and no animals died. [1] NVK is being commonly used for treating viral fever, dengue, chikungunya, and postfever sicknesses such as muscular and joint pains, malaise, and anorexia. In vitro evaluation revealed that NVK provides protection against CHIKV and DENV‑2 during active infection and helps to prevent viral infection in the cells. [2] Pharmacogn. Res. A multifaceted peer reviewed journal in the feld of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products www.phcogres.com | www.phcog.net Cite this article as: Lekha GS, Deepika E, Swetha S, Kanagarajan A, Gayathridevi V, Santhy KS. In vivo evaluation of antimicrobial, antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-infammatory activities of Nilavembu Kudineer capsule in comparison with siddha classical Nilavembu Kudineer. Phcog Res 2020;12:387-93. Submitted: 21-Mar-2020 Revised: 15-May-2020 Accepted: 15-Jul-2020 Published: 23-Jan-2021 This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. 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