125 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 A. Killin, S. Allen-Hermanson (eds.), Explorations in Archaeology and Philosophy, Synthese Library 433, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61052-4_8 Chapter 8 Embodied and Extended Numerical Cognition Marilynn Johnson and Caleb Everett Abstract In this chapter we consider the theories of embodied cognition and extended mind with respect to the human ability to engage in numerical cognition. Such an enquiry requires frst distinguishing between our innate number sense and the sort of numerical reasoning that is unique to humans. We provide anthropologi- cal and linguistic research to defend the thesis that places the body at the center of our development of numerical reasoning. We then draw on archaeological research to suggest a rough date for when ancient humans frst were able to represent numeri- cal information beyond the body and in enduring material artifacts. We conclude by briefy describing how these capacities for embodied and extended numerical cog- nition shaped our world. Keywords Number words · Counting · Embodiment · Extended mind · Numerical cognition · Calendars 8.1 Introduction What is the relationship of embodiment to our capacity to think numerically? It might seem, at frst, that the capacity for numerical thought would be a paradigm case for the computational theory of mind. However, as we argue, numerical thought is embodied. M. Johnson (*) Department of Philosophy, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA e-mail: marilynnjohnson@sandiego.edu C. Everett Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA e-mail: caleb@miami.edu Explorations in Archaeology and Philosophy, edited by Anton Killin, and Sean Allen-Hermanson, Springer International Publishing AG, 2021. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sandiego/detail.action?docID=6571571. Created from sandiego on 2021-06-04 23:11:12. Copyright © 2021. Springer International Publishing AG. All rights reserved.