sustainability
Article
Sustainable Beirut City Planning Post August 2020 Port of
Beirut Blast: Case Study of Karantina in Medawar District
David Aouad
1,
* and Noushig Kaloustian
2
Citation: Aouad, D.; Kaloustian, N.
Sustainable Beirut City Planning Post
August 2020 Port of Beirut Blast: Case
Study of Karantina in Medawar
District. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6442.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116442
Academic Editors: Agnieszka Bieda
and Agnieszka Telega
Received: 7 May 2021
Accepted: 26 May 2021
Published: 5 June 2021
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4.0/).
1
Department of Architecture and Design, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102, Lebanon
2
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102, Lebanon; noushigk@gmail.com
* Correspondence: david.awad@lau.edu.lb; Tel.: +961-3-721794 or +961-70-126329
Abstract: The 4 August 2020 Port of Beirut blast caused material damage to an estimated 77,000
apartments located across 10,000 buildings within a 3 km radius of the blast, impacting around
300,000, people predominantly in the municipality of Karantina, which is situated adjacent to the
Port of Beirut. The blast shed light on the instability and unsustainable development approach of the
city of Beirut since well before the French mandate circa 1921–1940. The impact of the blast provides
an opportunity to reassess the relationship between many relevant aspects of the city planning
including but not limited to: the relationship of the city to its suburbs, waterfront, and city center; the
lack of local planning and cross sectorial master plans; the preservation of the heritage versus the
complexity of its urban development; the city growth and increased haphazard urbanization; the
infrastructure/service systems that have over the years become increasingly deficient; the lack of
public spaces; impacts on urban climate; and the urban divide and inequality that have only grown
deeper since the blast, all of which have a combined and adverse impact on the quality of city life.
This paper analyzes the most suitable indicators that one must highlight within the context of Beirut
city to propose a better and sustainable quality of life with a focus on areas that were significantly
impacted by the recent POB blast, namely Karantina. Examples of indicators which were analyzed
include sustainable urban design, open spaces, heritage, infrastructure, and urban fabric. The results
indicated that the following four main urban design features help improve the quality of life in
Karantina, including: (i) connecting areas of Karantina and Mar Mkhael through the reactivation
of vacant lots; (ii) reactivation of Ibrahim Bacha and El-Khodr Streets; (iii) redefining the historical
El Khodr Mosque boundary and reclaiming its role as an urban landmark; and (iv) integration of
classified built heritage. These parameters are necessary to improve the quality of life. The benefits
of community participation are also assessed in the improvement and sustainable planning of the
city of Beirut.
Keywords: Beirut; sustainable urban design; Karantina; port of Beirut blast; stakeholder participation
1. Introduction
The rapid rate of urbanization as a result of changing social, political, economic, and
environmental factors has created new opportunities, along with a set of critical challenges
in the development and sustainability of the city of Beirut. Rising levels of urban poverty
and inequality, unemployment, and a critical shortage of affordable housing have led to the
rapid growth of informal settlements, leaving Beirut with inadequate capacity to provide
basic services. The institutional capacity necessary to oversee the transition to sustainable
urbanization is also deemed lacking.
These combined factors have led to the rapid influx of settlements into Karantina,
the subject of this paper, resulting in its haphazard urbanization and lack of the essential
sustainable elements that allow for a final strategic development plan for the city that
will integrate various priority projects and actions to improve and sustain a better quality
of life for inhabitants according to their needs and preferences where local stakeholders’
Sustainability 2021, 13, 6442. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116442 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability