Entry SEM-PLS Approach to Green Building Nasim Aghili 1, * and Mehdi Amirkhani 2, *   Citation: Aghili, N.; Amirkhani, M. SEM-PLS Approach to Green Building. Encyclopedia 2021, 1, 472–481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ encyclopedia1020039 Academic Editor: Nikos Salingaros Received: 19 April 2021 Accepted: 17 June 2021 Published: 18 June 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1 Faculty of Health, Engineering, and Sciences, School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4350, Australia 2 ZEMCH EXD Lab, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia * Correspondence: nasim71.aghili@gmail.com (N.A.); mehdi.amirkhani@unimelb.edu.au or mehdi@abiandesign.com.au (M.A.) Abstract: DefinitionGreen buildings refer to buildings that decrease adverse environmental effects and maintain natural resources. They can diminish energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, the usage of non-renewable materials, water consumption, and waste generation while improv- ing occupants’ health and well-being. As such, several rating tools and benchmarks have been developed worldwide to assess green building performance (GBP), including the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) in the United Kingdom, German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) in the United States and Canada, Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Effi- ciency (CASBEE) in Japan, Green Star in Australia, Green Mark in Singapore, and Green Building Index in Malaysia. Energy management (EM) during building operation could also improve GBP. One of the best approaches to evaluating the impact of EM on GBP is by using structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM is a commanding statistical method to model testing. One of the most used SEM variance-based approaches is partial least squares (PLS), which can be implemented in the SmartPLS application. PLS-SEM uses path coefficients to determine the strength and significance of the hypothesised relationships between the latent constructs. Keywords: energy management; green building performance; office building; SEM-PLS 1. Introduction The building sector is one of the most energy-intensive sectors, irrespective of its geographical location [1]. It is estimated that buildings’ energy consumption accounts for approximately 32% of global energy use, and buildings are responsible for about 40% of the total energy-related carbon dioxide emissions [2]. This is due to the rapid depletion and inefficient use of natural resources and energy and increasing waste production in the building sector. However, buildings can conserve energy by appropriate resource management (RM) practices at the design, construction, and operation stages (see Figure 1). Research suggests that implementing energy-efficiency strategies at the design stage can significantly influence building performance and reduce energy usage [3–5]. As such, there has been an increasing amount of literature on zero energy building construction and renewable energy sources [6]. These studies have investigated, proposed, and improved different parameters, indices, and approaches to improving building performance [7–9]. They primarily focus on enhancing building systems and integrating renewable energy at the design phase using various building performance simulation (BPS) tools. The most commonly used approach to applying BPS tools during the design phase is based on evaluating the simulation outcomes, and if not satisfactory, the design is altered until the desired results are achieved. One of the limitations of this approach is that it uses direct modelling and simulation workflow in which the impacts of modifying the values of parameters on energy performance are examined one at a time, without considering Encyclopedia 2021, 1, 472–481. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1020039 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/encyclopedia