a SciTechnol journal Research Article
Schuster, J Comput Eng Inf Technol 2021, 10:6
Journal of Computer
Engineering & Information
Technology
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Cultural Infuence on Mobile
App Design-A Theoretical
Review of Culture Theories and
Their Infuence on App Design
in China
Nico Schuster*
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to provide a theoretical overview if and
how national culture infuences the design of mobile applications
especially in comparison of typical Western and Chinese market.
First classic culture theories by Hofstede and Trompenaars will
be analysed to examine which dimensions might have potential
infuence in app design. Additionally, the factor colour will be
examined as diferent cultures perceive colours in a diferent way.
The conclusion on the possible impact of culture on the design of
mobile applications explains why culture plays such an important
role on mobile application design.
Keywords
Cultural Dimensions; Mobile App Design; National Culture.
JEL Classifcation:
M14, F23, M16, L86.
*Corresponding author: Nico Schuster, Department of Management, Comenius
University, Odbojárov 10, 820 05 Bratislava, Slovakia, Tel.: 0049 172 622 3952,
E-mail: schuster8@uniba.sk
Received: May 17, 2021 Accepted: June 04, 2021 Published: June 11, 2021
Introduction
In this global village, culture or in this case national culture is
a crucial issue that guides application developers and designers to
create collaborative applications. Mobile applications (apps) are
programs used for specifc purposes. Presently, mobile apps provide
content and services to individual users and serve as representatives of
company brands. China is one of the countries with the largest mobile
application markets in the world. Te number of Chinese netizens
has massively increased over the years, with the majority using
smartphones to access and use the internet [1]. If national culture
afects mobile app design is therefore a crucial question not only for
local developers but also for brands trying to enter Chinese market. Te
aim of this paper is to review why and how current cultural theories
e.g., by Hofstede and Trompenaars are useful in understanding the
concept of culture and how the cultural theories as well as additional
factors like the usage of colour which are also very dominant in
Chinese national culture infuence mobile app design in China. In
the frst chapter the author will therefore review Hofstede’s cultural
dimensions and how they connect to mobile app design. Te second
chapter will review Trompenaars theory of cultural dimensions. Both
approaches are regarded as the widely referred to cultural theories
and will be reviewed against recent discussions and their potential
infuence on app design. Te third chapter will highlight the cultural
infuence of colour usage in China in general and on a closer look why
the colour choice for app design is important and how this importance
can be seen in Chinese apps. Based on the review of cultural theories
and usage of colour the author will discuss the need for a diferent app
design and close this paper with a recapture and conclusion.
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Hofstede is one of most famous cultural theorists that suggested
various dimensions to explain the concept of culture. Hofstede’s
cultural dimensions are an efective tool in understanding cultural
diferences. It is useful in better comprehension of the efect of
specifc cultures. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions include power
distance, masculinity-femininity, individualism and collectivism,
uncertainty avoidance, and short-term and long-term orientations.
Power distance dimension is the extent to which less powerful
individuals expect and accept the unequal distribution of power.
Power distance means that both leaders and followers have to approve
the society’s measure of inequality [2]. Precisely, the power dimension
is the humanity inequality in a country’s structure. For instance, in
nations like China, individuals are diferentiated by their status in
society. China ranks at the top in terms of power distance dimension;
hence, inequalities amongst countries are acceptable. However, the
association between superiors and their subordinates is contradictory
[3]. High power distance individuals tend to show less favourable
opinion towards experimenting with innovative technology solutions
[4]. Whereas a high power distance implies that individuals have
accepted a given hierarchical order and inequalities associated with
it, a low power distance means that people with less power focus on
equality power distribution. Te power distance dimension is useful
in explaining cultural diferences in service provision [5]. Terefore, it
is crucial to understand the cultural infuence on the design of mobile
applications.
Individualism versus collectivism is the extent to which people
are integrated into social networks. Te individualism dimension
explores the persons in a culture that prefer to act as individuals
instead of collective group members [2]. Individualistic cultures act on
their needs and desires, and importantly, make their own decisions.
Specifcally, they prioritize their well-being and are responsible
for themselves and their choices. Instant messaging is one of the
applications that is greatly afected by cultural norms and values.
Hofstede’s individualism versus collectivism dimension infuences
the practice of instant messaging. For instance, Chinese users of
instant messaging tend to prefer group chat options and implicit
communication [6]. Notably, persons with a greater propensity for
individualism tend to use online mobile services to showcase their
personality and achieve personalized objectives [7]. Uncertainty
avoidance afects mobile app design in that individuals exhibiting
high levels of uncertainty avoidance tend to avoid ambiguous
situations. Precisely, they perceive new technology to be difcult to
use [7]. Collectivism refers to a cultural value indicating a robust
social framework where individuals perceive the group as the primary
entity. Likewise, it views the group as a critical element and people