1 Martha Nussbaum, The Cosmopolitan Tradition: A Noble But Flawed Ideal . (Cambridge MA: Belknap Press, 2019). Tarik Kochi University of Sussex, UK. (Book Review Published in Grotiana, Vol 42, (2021), Issue 1). Final Author Version Nussbaum’s book digs into the cosmopolitan tradition attempting to all at once shine a light on its limits, hold onto its enduring importance and influence over our world of globalised human rights, and prise open a space for thinking about material aid within the tradition. The book is a critique of cosmopolitanism from Nussbaum’s own Aristotelian-Rawlsian theory of the ‘capabilities approach’ and an attempted reconciliation and rereading of parts of the tradition. Her account, covering Cicero, the Roman Stoics, Grotius and Adam Smith, attempts to rethink the possibilities and limitations of the cosmopolitan tradition and the extent to which this tradition enunciates transnational moral duties of material aid, economic redistribution and economic and social rights. Nussbaum’s book asks many good questions but is itself flawed in its inability to ask enough of them – particularly in relation to property – and in the way it forces an account of material aid into a tradition through a highly selective reading of particular texts. Nussbaum’s central claim is that the cosmopolitan tradition, built upon the tradition of Stoic philosophy, is “bifurcated” in that involve duties of “justice” (including self-preservation, the prohibition of harm, individual rights, moral conscience, prohibition of aggressive war etc.) but not duties of “material aid”. This bifurcation severely undermines the cosmopolitan