Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 2013, 3, 202-207
doi:10.4236/ojapps.2013.32027 Published Online June 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojapps)
Modified Adomian Techniques Applied to
Non-Linear Volterra Integral Equations
Haifa H. Ali, Fawzi Abdelwahid
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
Email: fawziabd@hotmail.com
Received January 28, 2013; revised March 1, 2013; accepted March 9, 2013
Copyright © 2013 Haifa H. Ali, Fawzi Abdelwahid. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribu-
tion License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
ABSTRACT
In this work, we studied the performance of modified techniques of Adomian method applied to non-linear Volterra
integral equations of the second kind. This study shows that the modified techniques are reliable, efficient and easy to
use through recursive relations that involve simple integrals. Furthermore, we found that the right choice and the proper
implementation of the modified techniques reduce the computational difficulties and increase the speed of convergent,
comparing with the standard Adomian method.
Keywords: Adomian Decomposition Method; Volterra Integral Equations
1. Introduction
In recent years, many works have been focusing on the
developing and applying of advanced and efficient meth-
ods for integral equations such as implicitly linear collo-
cation methods [1], product integration method [2], Her-
mite-type collocation method [3] and analytical (semi-
analytical) techniques such as Adomian decomposition
method [4,5]. In this work, we investigate the perform-
ance of modified techniques of Adomian decomposition
method applied to non-linear Volterra integral equations
of the second kind. This type of integral equations has
the following form
0
,
x
ux f x kxtFut t
d . (1.1)
Equation (1.1) represents a nonlinear Volterra integral
equation of second kind with unknown function ux
and F u is a non-linear function of ux , and we
assumed that, the kernel , kxt and the function
f x are analytical functions on and , respec-
tively. Hence, Equation (1.1) classifies as a linear
Volterra integral equation of second kind if
2
R R
F u is a
linear function of the unknown function . ux
2. Standard Adomian Method
The standard technique for the non-linear integral Equa-
tion (1.1), starts by decomposing into ,
and assuming that
ux
0 1 2
, , , u u u
0
lim
n
n i
i
u x ux
. (2.1)
For the non-linear function F u , we set
0
n
n
F u
A (2.2)
In (2.2),
n
A , 0 n are special polynomials known
as Adomian polynomials. In ref. [6], close formulas of
these polynomials, for any non-linear function F u ,
introduced in the terms of the Kronecker delta
, nm
.
With
0 0
A Fu , these formulas for read 1, 2, n
0
1
0
d
,
d
n
n v
v
F u
A H
u
(2.3)
where
1 2 1 2
1 2 1
1
,
, , ,
1
!
v v
v
n v
v ni i i i i
i i i
i
H uu u
v
Now Equation (1.1) becomes,
0 1
0 0
0
, , , ,
x
n n
n n
u x f x kxt A u u u t
d
n
,
(2.4)
Now
0
u x f x and the can
be completely determined by using the recurrent formula
; 1, 2,
i
u x i
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