Investigation of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technologies in Turkey from the technical and economic point of view Muharrem Eyidogan a , Fatma Canka Kilic b,n , Durmus Kaya a , Volkan Coban c , Selman Cagman c a Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Kocaeli University, P.O. Box 41380, Umuttepe, Kocaeli, Turkey b Department of Electrical and Energy Technologies, Kocaeli Vocational School, Kocaeli University, Kullar, Basiskele, Kocaeli, Turkey c Department of Energy and Environmental Technologies, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey article info Article history: Received 2 October 2014 Received in revised form 9 October 2015 Accepted 17 December 2015 Available online 14 January 2016 Keywords: Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Biomass Geothermal Waste heat recovery Incentives Turkey abstract In this study, technical and economic analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems in Turkey and their application areas have been examined in detail. Also, the government incentives for renewable energy productions and industrial waste heat recovery opportunities are investigated and presented. ORC technologies have been dealt with individually in geothermal, solar, biomass and industrial waste heat based power generation plants. In this concept, some power plants have been selected for each appli- cation and the technical specifications of these examinations have been presented. An application in a biomass based plant, which has 1 MW of installed capacity, has been given as an example. According to the feasibility analysis, the investment payback period of this ORC application has been calculated as 2.7 years and the results have been presented and commented. & 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 885 2. Definition and applications of the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) .............................................................. 887 3. The applications and usage of geothermal, solar, biomass energies and waste heat recovery in Turkey ............................... 888 3.1. Geothermal energy in Turkey .................................................................................... 888 3.2. Solar energy in Turkey ......................................................................................... 888 3.3. Biomass energy in Turkey ....................................................................................... 889 3.4. Waste heat recovery potential in Turkey ........................................................................... 890 4. The current situation of Organic Rankine Cycle applications in Turkey ......................................................... 891 4.1. ORC applications for biomass power generation in Turkey ............................................................. 891 4.2. ORC applications for geothermal power generation in Turkey .......................................................... 891 4.3. ORC applications for waste heat power generation in Turkey........................................................... 891 5. Renewable energy production incentives in Turkey ........................................................................ 892 6. Feasibility analysis of the ORC applications ............................................................................... 892 7. Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 892 References ............................................................................................................. 894 1. Introduction Today, the world's primary energy demand is around 12.7 bil- lion tons of oil equivalents (toe). According to International Energy Agency (IEA) estimations this amount will reach the values, Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.158 1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. n Corresponding author. Tel.: þ90 2623494351; fax: þ90 2623493997. E-mail address: fatmacanka@hotmail.com (F. Canka Kilic). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 885–895