The decline of conventional seismic acquisition and the rise of specialized acquisition:
this is compressive sensing
Christof Stork* & David Brookes, ION Geophysical
Summary
Many seismic acquisition surveys today have some form of
customization and specialization to reduce cost, address
operational issues, or efficiently resolve a difficult geologic
objective. This trend has been clearly aided in the recent
past by the following: 1) Acquisition systems are more
flexible and provide capability to specialize, 2) Geologic
and reservoir objectives are getting more demanding and
diverse, and 3) Geophysicists have more experience and
expertise with acquisition opportunities. This trend of
specialized acquisition will probably accelerate in the
future because of: 4) Better processing tools that allow for
very irregular and non-uniform acquisition, & 5) New
processing tools that benefit from specialized acquisition,
and 6) Better risk management tools by companies to
accept unconventional acquisition.
The recent discussions on “compressive sensing” shares
strong parallels with specialized acquisition. Both
perspectives try to find the best acquisition compromise
between cost, geologic resolution, noise, and operational
restrictions. Both perspectives rely on using advanced
processing for successful imaging with unconventional
acquisition.
Modifying seismic acquisition based on the performance of
new processing tools adds risk and should be done
cautiously for this expensive process. But, there is a lot to
be gained from finding the best acquisition compromise.
Not only can costs be significantly lower, but key geologic
& reservoir objectives can be resolved. The new
processing methods significantly alter the considerations
for the best compromise. Better risk management
consideration by companies and some new aggressive risk
analysis tools will aid the adoption of these specialized,
unconventional acquisition & processing approaches.
Introduction
Conventional acquisition is often designed using criteria of
a regular acquisition pattern and minimizing near offset
holes to improve shallow imaging. These criteria greatly
simplify processing and reduce potential acquisition
artifacts that may not be fixable in processing.
Moreover, since the new processing methods are more
sensitive to noise, considering noise is crucial and should
play a large role in acquisition design.
It is surprising that acquisition does not vary more around
the world given that geologic objectives, seismic noise, and
operational constraints vary dramatically around the world.
We define conventional approaches as land cross-spreads
and marine NAZ/WAZ surveys. These conventional
patterns may be modified, but the basic pattern is the basis
of many acquisition surveys around the world.
Lifting the criteria of a regular acquisition pattern and
minimizing near offset holes allows for much, much greater
acquisition flexibility. This flexibility can be used to
reduce costs, improve azimuth/offset coverage, improve
converted wave illumination, optimize complex structure
illumination, or reduce noise. These can each be big
things.
Examples of using this acquisition flexibility to specialize
seismic surveys are:
1) Irregular OBC layout to optimize illumination
sub-salt;
2) Circular shooting to increase azimuth and offset
coverage for sub-salt;
3) Simultaneous or fast dithered sources
4) Using distributed 2D digital arrays on land to
damp surface noise;
5) Acquiring converted waves for improved
reservoir inversion; and
6) Enabling interferometric acquisition during non-
shooting time.
The new processing methods that allow for the additional
acquisition flexibility are:
a) Improved interpolation and regularization
methods
b) FWI for determination of near surface velocities
c) Several types of iterative methods that eliminate
the impact of acquisition irregularity
d) Flexible multiple prediction and removal
methods
A key challenge with specialized acquisition is addressing
the risk. Because of their cost, time of
planning/acquisition/processing, and senior management
involvement, acquisition surveys should have low risk.
The desire for low risk encourages using proven
conventional survey designs. However, by using
aggressive risk analysis tools, the risk for specialized
surveys can be greatly reduced.
Page 4386 SEG Denver 2014 Annual Meeting
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2014-0870.1 © 2014 SEG
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