J Soc Philos. 2021;00:1–17. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/josp
|
1 © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Received: 17 January 2021
|
Accepted: 7 May 2021
DOI: 10.1111/josp.12428
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Affective injustice and fundamental affective goods
Francisco Gallegos
Department of Philosophy, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Correspondence: Francisco Gallegos, Department of Philosophy, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
Email: gallegft@wfu.edu
1 |
INTRODUCTION
In societies like ours, people who are victims of injustice may face a wide variety of morally objection-
able burdens and harms. Most obvious, perhaps, are the practical, social, and political disadvantages
brought about by unjust conditions and actions. But in addition to these, there are emotional costs
of injustice that can take an immense toll on individuals and communities. What is the nature of the
emotional harms and burdens that arise from injustice? Do these harms and burdens constitute a dis-
tinctive form of injustice in their own right? If so, what precisely makes them unjust? These questions
are central to the philosophical investigation of “affective injustice”—that is, injustice faced by people
specifically in their capacity as affective beings (Archer and Mills 2019, 75).
Philosophical inquiry into affective injustice examines how certain kinds of morally objection-
able actions, practices, and circumstances bring about harms and disadvantages specifically related to
emotions, moods, feelings, affective dispositions, and other “valenced” states. Such harms and disad-
vantages might consist of distressing experiences of fear, anger, sadness, and despair. They might also
include deeper changes to the very shape of one’s emotional life through trauma, burnout, mental ill-
ness, and the systematic misdirection of one’s emotional responses as a result of ideology, gaslighting,
or other influences. These and other emotional and affective harms and disadvantages may be caused
by the stress, suffering, and limitations associated with such things as poverty and financial precarity;
structural and interpersonal racism, sexism, and other forms of oppression; bullying and emotional
abuse; school or work settings that are emotionally exhausting or traumatizing; pernicious norms
governing the experience and expression of affective states; or emotional manipulations embedded in
physical and digital environments designed to enrich some at others’ expense.
The philosophical literature on affective injustice is currently in a nascent state. Several explicit
treatments of the topic have been offered (Srinivasan 2018; Whitney 2018; Plunkett 2020; Archer
and Matheson 2020), but there has been no systematic overview of the conceptual terrain. While a
plausible conception of affective injustice has been offered, the notion of “an injustice faced by some-
one specifically in their capacity as an affective being” is quite general, and it remains unclear how
we should specify this concept. In particular, the extant literature contains no developed account of
the conditions on something being an affective injustice. As a result, it remains unclear how various
treatments of affective injustice are related to one another or how to present or future disagreements
among theorists might be adjudicated.