Jointly published by AkadØmiai Kiad, Budapest Scientometrics, and Springer, Dordrecht Vol. 65, No. 1 (2005) 327 Received November 15, 2004 Address for correspondence: HAN WOO PARK YeungNam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea E-mail: hanpark@yumail.ac.kr; http://www.hanpark.net 01389130/US $ 20.00 Copyright ' 2005 AkadØmiai Kiad, Budapest All rights reserved A comparison of the knowledge-based innovation systems in the economies of South Korea and the Netherlands using Triple Helix indicators HAN WOO PARK, a HEUNG DEUG HONG, b LOET LEYDESDORFF c a YeungNam University, Gyeongsan (South Korea) b KangWon National University, Chunchon (South Korea) c University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (The Netherlands) This paper elaborates on the Triple Helix model for measuring the emergence of a knowledge base of socio-economic systems. The knowledge infrastructure is measured using multiple indicators: webometric, scientometric, and technometric. The paper employs this triangulation strategy to examine the current state of the innovation systems of South Korea and the Netherlands. These indicators are thereafter used for the evaluation of the systemness in configurations of university-industry-government relations. South Korea is becoming somewhat stronger than the Netherlands in terms of scientific and technological outputs and in terms of the knowledge-based dynamics; South Koreas portfolio is more traditional than that of the Netherlands. For example, research and patenting in the biomedical sector is underdeveloped. In terms of the Internet-economy, the Netherlands seem oriented towards global trends more than South Korea; this may be due to the high component of services in the Dutch economy. Introduction As new network technologies such as the Internet have permeated society, they become another driving force changing the form of the economy of a nation. New technologies enable individual and institutional actors to collaborate in additional modes, but these processes make them increasingly interdependent in terms of the information exchange. New patterns of collaboration with potential competitive advantages can then be developed. GIBBONS et al. (1994) have called this type of knowledge organization and production Mode 2. An overlay of communications and knowledge-based expectations is increasingly added to the existing institutions. While the political economy coordinated two functions  notably the market and the state  the knowledge infrastructure coordinates the three subdynamics of (i) wealth production, (ii) organized novelty production, and (iii) private appropriation versus public control. In other words, political economies are increasingly transformed into