Optical Fiber Technology 61 (2021) 102389 Available online 9 December 2020 1068-5200/© 2020 Published by Elsevier Inc. Modes power equalization based-singular value decomposition in mode division multiplexing systems for multi-hungry bandwidth applications Yousef Fazea a, * , Angela Amphawan b , Y.A. Al-Gumaei c , Ahmed M. Al-Samman d , Waleed Mugahed Al-Rahmi e a Internetworks Research Laboratory, School of Computing, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah Darulaman, Malaysia b Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA c Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK d Department of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gjøvik, Norway e Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia A R T I C L E INFO Keywords: SVD MDM Equalization Compensation ABSTRACT Optical fiber tendencies are pushing for changes towards upgrading scalability, agility, and unwavering quality for multi-hungry bandwidth applications. In the quest for future proof of those multi-hungry bandwidth appli- cations, is vital to take advantage of new multiplexing technologies as the surge of network traffic that soon will overwhelm the capacity of multimode fiber (MMF). Due to the issue of MMF modal dispersion and mode coupling that caused Intersymbol Interference (ISI) which result in bandwidth degradation and limited range of length. Thus, Mode division-multiplexing (MDM) is a significant and elegant emerging technology, which har- nesses the symmetry of modes by transmitting in parallel data through different modes. This paper models and analysis novel four-mode group demultiplexing MDM-based Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to isolate the signals and fairly distribute the power to the system sub-channels, each to their respective groups. The novel MDM based-SVD system achieved an aggregated data rate of 100 Gbit/s on wavelengths 1550.12 nm over an existed graded-index MMF length of 3000 m. The performance of the proposed system has been evaluated through channel impulse response, channel spectrum, eye diagram, and Bit-Error-Rate (BER) matrices. 1. Introduction The tremendous growth of connected devices and the continuous demands of multi-hungry-bandwidth applications along with the breakthrough of cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) are urging researchers worldwide to look for new multiplexing technologies that are able to accommodate the surge of network traffic that will soon overwhelm the capacity of multimode fiber (MMF) backbones. How- ever, modal dispersion and mode coupling cause Intersymbol Interfer- ence (ISI), which is considered as the primary impairment of MMF as it results in bandwidth degradation and a limited range. Mode division multiplexing (MDM) has been characterized as an elegant way to capi- talize on orthogonal spatially overlapping and co-propagation of modes [1,2]. In MDM, modes are transmitted in parallel streams carrying the data independently, and then de-multiplexed in low intermodal cross- talk. Controlling the excitation of modes will help to optimize the channel impulse response such that the differential mode delay and crosstalk will be minimized [3]. Long- Period Fiber Grating (LPFG) utilizing CO 2 laser technique as in [4] transformed two-mode fiber (TMF) by means of employing a direct CO 2 laser writing method to fabricate LPFG. This method is one of two approaches in producing modes directly from the laser cavity [5] whereby, the CO 2 laser can be programmed to generate the needed grating profile. It has been proved that the usage of LPFG is an efficient transverse mode selector once the laser operates within a narrow spectrum [6,7]. In addition, other tech- niques based on LPFG such as the thermal induction technique as in [8]. The thermal induction technique has been used as a simple method to have an efficient and stabilized mode convertor from LP01to LP11 , followed by mechanical pressure technique as in [9]. The conversion of the mode can be feasible through a periodic grating structure, which induced by mechanical pressure technique. Moreover, electromagnetic induction technique as in [10] has been reported as a method to change the loss amplitude of the LPFG. Without moving the phase-matching wavelength, the conversion can be realized efficiently surpassing the * Corresponding author. E-mail address: yosiffz@uum.edu.my (Y. Fazea). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Optical Fiber Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yofte https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2020.102389 Received 27 July 2020; Received in revised form 28 October 2020; Accepted 28 October 2020