BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 21, Number 2, February 2020 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 799-813 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210228 Protein sources diversity from Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia ENY PALUPI 1, , FAISAL ANWAR 1 , IKEU TANZIHA 1 , MADE ALIT GUNAWAN 2 , ALI KHOMSAN 1 , FITRIANINGRUM KURNIAWATI 3 , MUSHLICH MUSLICH 4,5 1 Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia, Tel.: +62-251-8625066, Fax.: +62 251 862 2276,  email. palupi2105@gmail.com 2 Department of Nutrition, Politeknik Kesehatan Yogyakarta. Jl. Tatabumi No.3, Banyuraden, Gamping, Sleman 55293, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 3 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia 4 Department of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia 5 Division of Standard and Quality Assurance, The Assessment Institute for Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics, Indonesian Council of Ulama, (Lembaga Pengkajian Pangan Obat-Obatan dan Kosmetika Majelis Ulama Indonesia). Global Halal Centre, Jl. Pemuda No.5, Bogor 16162, West Java, Indonesia Manuscript received: 20 December 2019. Revision accepted: 27 January 2020. Abstract. Palupi E, Anwar F, Tanziha, Gunawan MA, Kurniawati AKF, Muslich M. 2020. Protein sources diversity from Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 799-813. This research aimed to identify forgotten side-dish diversity from food-insecure area, Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A qualitative data were gathered by using Focus Group Discussion followed by in-depth interviews with 24 key persons from Pucung and Mertelu villages, Gunungkidul. Proximate analysis and enzymatic gravimetric fiber analysis were also performed to get the first impression concerning the nutrient quality of the selected sources. As many as six edible insects, five aquatic animals, eight legumes and seeds, five fermented foods, eight mushrooms, three by- products, more than ten protein-rich plants, and five aquatic plants were identified as forgotten indigenous protein source from Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. All aspects about scientific name, local value, Halal assurance, handling method, processing technique, and serving method of these sources have been presented on this article. Early investigation on the nutrient quality of the identified source reveals that grasshopper, caterpillar, aquatic snail, came out as the highest protein content compared to egg as a standard. Tempe - mlanding and -benguk also could be great alternatives as future plant-based protein sources. This investigation uncovers abundant protein sources diversity potential as future protein sources for supporting future food and nutrition security and sustainability. Keywords: Adaptive-species, dry-climate, forgotten-food, protein-alternatives INTRODUCTION Feeding the world becomes a critical challenge for sustainable development (FAO 2016). The megatrends of urbanization, climate change and dietary change fuse a strong prognosis on a formidable picture in the future on how the food should be available for supporting the human being. Protein and energy demands, as well as sufficient micronutrients, must be sustainably available to substantially reduce the risks of many community nutrition problems. Indonesia is one of the most biologically diverse nations in the world with very high levels of both terrestrial- and marine- diversities, and rich on indigenous natural resources (Clearly and DeVantier 2011). With sustainable management, those available resources might preserve abundant sources for current global problems. Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture (2015) portrayed a rapidly changing dietary pattern in Indonesia during the last decade, particularly in the east part of Indonesia. There was a large shift on dietary habit from a local-diverse food pattern into a global-monotonous food pattern which was dominated with food high in saturated fats, sugars, salts, and processed foods but low in fibers and other nutrients (Fungo et al. 2016). The changing on staple-food pattern was obviously observed among those areas, from many cereals, tubers, sago into only rice and wheat flour (BKPP 2016). The changing on side-dish pattern seems also occurred since the staple-food and side-dish naturally side by side with a specific couple sensory characteristics. However, the shift on the side-dish is not yet well reported in Indonesia. Those areas have been predicted to treasure a lot of valuable indigenous knowledge among the ancestor about the forgotten side-dish which might be potential for future protein alternative sources. If these are not being immediately identified, recorded, and developed, then those will continue to be lost. Based on the above phenomenon, the aim of this research is to identify the protein source diversity from Yogyakarta, Indonesia as future protein alternatives, so people in protein insecure due to the lack of availability and affordability enable to use it to fulfill their protein requirements. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. There were three reasons why it