[320] The Condor 106:320–335  The Cooper Ornithological Society 2004 DISPLAY BEHAVIOR AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RED-HEADED MANAKIN IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST OF BRAZIL IVANDY N. CASTRO-ASTOR 1,5 ,MARIA ALICE S. ALVES 2 AND ROBERTO B. CAVALCANTI 3,4 1 Programa de Po ´s-Graduac ¸a ˜o em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brası ´lia, CEP 70910-970, Brası ´lia, DF, Brazil 2 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Sa ˜o Francisco Xavier 524, CEP 20550-011, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 3 Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brası ´lia, CEP 70910-970, Brası ´lia, DF, Brazil 4 Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW # 600, Washington, DC 20036 Abstract. We studied the display behavior and spatial distribution of the Red-headed Man- akin (Pipra rubrocapilla, Pipridae) in the Atlantic Forest of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The average distance between display sites was 72.5  34.1 m (n = 11, range = 34.0–157.0 m). The study area included one 13-site lek and two solitary display sites. All sites of the same lek were within earshot of at least one other site. Males occupied the same display sites between years. The dispersion pattern of males is typical of exploded or dispersed leks. Males were more likely to interact with their nearest neighbor than with males from more distant display sites. Red-headed Manakin lekking behavior is remarkably complex, including 11 display elements, two of them not found in other members of the P. erythrocephala clade, nine vocalizations, and one mechanical sound previously undescribed in the Red-headed Man- akin. The males performed both solitary displays and coordinated displays with other males on both their own display sites and on those of the other males. Most of the time, two definitive-plumaged males displayed together. The displays, vocalizations, and mechanical sound recorded in this study contribute to our understanding of the evolution of display be- havior in manakins, mainly to the members of the P. erythrocephala clade. Key words: Atlantic Forest, display, lek, manakins, song, spatial distribution. Despliegue de Cortejo y Distribucio ´n Espacial de Pipra rubrocapilla en la Mata Atla ´ntica de Brasil Resumen. Estudiamos el despliegue de cortejo y la distribucio ´n espacial de Pipra ru- brocapilla (Pipridae) en el a ´rea de la Mata Atla ´ntica del Estado de Rı ´o de Janeiro, Brasil. La distancia promedio entre los lugares de cortejo fue de 72.5  34.1 m (n = 11, rango = 34.0–157.0). El a ´rea de estudio incluyo ´ un lek con 13 lugares de cortejo y dos lugares de cortejo aislados. Desde un lugar de cortejo en un lek se podı ´a oir la vocalizacio ´n del vecino ma ´s pro ´ximo. Los machos ocuparon los mismos lugares de cortejo durante an ˜os, y presen- taron la distribucio ´n espacial tı ´pica de los leks dispersos. Observamos ma ´s interacciones entre los machos de los lugares de cortejo ma ´s pro ´ximos. El despliegue de cortejo de P. rubrocapilla es muy complejo, incluyendo 11 elementos de cortejo (dos de ellos no descritos para otras especies del clado P. erythrocephala), nueve vocalizaciones y un sonido meca ´- nico, que hasta el momento, no habı ´a sido registrado para P. rubrocapilla. Los machos ejecutan despliegues de cortejo solitarios y despligues coordinados con otros machos en sus lugares de cortejo y en los de otros machos. La mayorı ´a de las veces, el despliegue de cortejo es praticado por dos machos adultos. El despliegue de cortejo, las vocalizaciones y el sonido meca ´nico registrados en este estudio contribuyen al entendimiento de la evolucio ´n del despliegue de cortejo en los pı ´pridos, principalmente en las especies que conforman el clado de P. erythrocephala. INTRODUCTION Manakins (Pipridae) range from central Mexico to northern Argentina, and are known for their Manuscript received 29 May 2003; accepted 18 De- cember 2003. 5 Present address: Parque Nacional da Tijuca, IBA- MA, Estrada da Cascatinha, 850, Floresta da Tijuca, Alto da Boa Vista, 20531–590. E-mail: ivandy@ alternex.com.br remarkable sexual dimorphism, elaborate court- ship displays, and lek-breeding systems (Sick 1959, 1967, Snow 1963a, Prum 1990, 1994). In ‘‘classical lek’’ breeding systems (Bradbury 1977, 1981), males are densely grouped within sight of each other; in ‘‘exploded’’ or ‘‘dis- persed’’ leks (Gilliard 1963, Snow 1970, Brad- bury 1981, Foster 1983, Prum 1985) males are more dispersed and have auditory rather than vi- sual contact (Oring 1982, Bradbury and Gibson Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/condor/article/106/2/320/5563106 by guest on 04 August 2021