Thinking Ahead: Complexity of
Expectations and the Transition
to Parenthood
S. Mark Pancer
Michael Pratt
Bruce Hunsberger
Margo Gallant
Wilfrid Laurier University
ABSTRACT This study examined the integrative complexity of thinking in
individuals making the transition to parenthood, and the relationship between
complexity and adjustment during this period. Sixty-nine couples were inter-
viewed 3 months before their babies were born, and 6 months after the birth.
The prenatal interview focussed on individuals’ expectations about what it
would be like being a parent; the postnatal interview focussed on individuals’
actual experiences as parents. In addition, participants completed measures of
depression, self-esteem, and marital satisfaction after each interview, and a
Journal of Personality 68:2, April 2000.
Copyright © 2000 by Blackwell Publishers, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148,
USA, and 108 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1JF, UK.
This research was supported by a grant from the Social Science and Humanities Research
Council of Canada to authors Hunsberger, Pratt, and Pancer. Questions, comments, and
requests for reprints should be sent to S. Mark Pancer, Department of Psychology, Wilfrid
Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5, or by e-mail to
MPANCER@WLU.CA. The authors would like to thank Tracey Idle, Fiona Currie, and
Kim Ewing for serving as interviewers, Susan Alisat for her work transcribing the
interviews, Rebecca Filyer for managing the study database, and all the parents who
participated in the research. We would also like to express our appreciation to Phil and
Carolyn Cowan, for their help and advice throughout the project, and to Avril Thorne
and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions concerning
the manuscript.