________________ The Sea, Volume 16, edited by Michael J. Fogarty and James J. McCarthy ISBN 978-0-674-07270-1 ©2014 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College 77 Chapter 4. Regulatory and Governance Frameworks KEVERN COCHRANE Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, South Africa (previously Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) GABRIELLA BIANCHI Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations WARRICK FLETCHER Western Australia Fisheries, Australia DAVID FLUHARTY University of Washington, USA ROBIN MAHON University of the West Indies, Barbados OLE ARVE MISUND Institute of Marine Research, Norway Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Global Legal Framework for EBM 3. Institutional Implications of Scaling-up from Sectoral to EBM 4. Progress in implementation 5. EBM in Practice: Five Case Studies 6. Discussion 7. Conclusions References 1. Introduction From the human perspective, natural resources have always been seen as utilities to satisfy human needs and natural resources management aims at maximizing the benefits that we can derive from them. The recognition that greater benefits could be obtained in the long run through judicious use of aquatic resources developed in some locations long before the technological era started. Traditional tenure systems such as those that still exist in some rivers in Europe and in Pacific Island MS1