Research Article
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Dental Enamel Staining to
Antiseptic and Dietary Agents: In Vitro Study
Mukhatar Ahmed Javali ,
1
Mohasin Abdul Khader,
1
Razan Mansour Alqahtani,
2
MunaJubranAlmufarrij,
2
ThamraMohammedAlqahtani,
2
andMohamedKhaledAddas
3
1
Division of Periodontics, Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry,
King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
2
Intern Dentist, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
Correspondence should be addressed to Mukhatar Ahmed Javali; jmahmad@kku.edu.sa
Received 24 October 2019; Revised 4 March 2020; Accepted 26 March 2020; Published 5 June 2020
Academic Editor: Alessandro Leite Cavalcanti
Copyright © 2020 Mukhatar Ahmed Javali et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
Background/Objectives. Use of antiseptics as an adjunct to a traditional mechanical tooth brushing method has limited their
application for long duration because of their side effects such as staining and calculus formation. e objective of this in vitro
study is to analyse the staining effects of antiseptic mouthwashes on dental enamel and compare it with those containing
nanoparticles, dietary agents, and distilled water (control). Material and Methods. 105 intact premolars extracted for orthodontic
reasons and without any caries or anatomical defects were selected for analysis. e samples were randomly divided into 7
different groups of fifteen teeth each for different solutions. A spectrophotometer was used to assess the colorimeter analysis of
buccal dental enamel surface at R1 (baseline examination), R2 (24 hours after immersion in different solutions), and R3 (after
brushing). Statistical analysis was done using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and Levene’s test (p < 0.05), respectively. One-way
ANOVA was used to compare the difference in color ( E) between the readings, R1, R2, and R3. Results. e mouthwash
containing titanium dioxide (TiO
2
) nanoparticles produced the greater enamel discoloration compared to that of chlorhexidine.
Brushing had little effect on removal of stains induced by all mouthwashes except for dietary solutions (lemon with sodium
bicarbonate and olive with laurel) and distilled water (control). Conclusion. e results from this study show that mouthwashes
containing TiO
2
nanoparticles and other antiseptic mouthwashes cause change in color of the teeth and lead to poor esthetic
appearance when compared to dietary and control solutions. us, future in vivo studies have to be conducted to confirm these
findings as in vitro studies may not provide a reliable simulation of the clinical situations.
1. Introduction
Dental caries and periodontal disease are the two common
diseases affecting the oral cavity globally [1]. To prevent
these oral diseases, many approaches are used out of which
mechanical toothbrushing and interdental tooth cleaning
are considered the primary and gold standard [2, 3].
However, in some situations or patients such as those af-
fected by trauma or disabled, those undertook oral surgery,
those wearing orthodontic braces, and those on chemo-
therapy, the definite plaque control may not be achieved
with mechanical methods [4–7]. In these situations or pa-
tients, the use of oral antiseptic in the form of mouthwashes
is considered as an adjunct method for controlling dental
plaque accumulation and its effect on oral cavity [8, 9].
However, the side effects of these antiseptic mouthwashes
such as staining and calculus formation have limited their use for
long duration for plaque control. erefore, finding an alternative
antiseptic mouthwash that provides effective plaque control with
minimal or no side effects is of great interest [10, 11].
In recent years, the use of nanotechnology in the field of
dentistry such as in dental composites and antiseptic
Hindawi
International Journal of Dentistry
Volume 2020, Article ID 5429725, 5 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5429725