https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323211025249
Qualitative Health Research
1–17
© The Author(s) 2021
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DOI: 10.1177/10497323211025249
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Research Article
Background
Intersectionality is a way of understanding the world as
being shaped by multiple factors in mutually influencing
ways (Cole, 2009; Collins & Bilge, 2016; Crenshaw,
1995). Intersectionality has helped denote how socially
constructed categories interact to shape multiple dimen-
sions of lived experiences, particularly for women of
color (Collins, 2000), through the convergence of gender,
race, sexuality, class, and other social categories.
Intersectionality can be conceptualized as a “matrix of
domination” in which identities based on social group
membership interact with one another, creating life situa-
tions that are qualitatively different depending on one’s
social position (Collins, 1990). Intersectional perspec-
tives provide us with the possibility to focus not only on
oppressed or dominated social groups and structures but
also on the intersections of power and domination from
an ethical and political standpoint (Śliwa et al., 2018).
Intersectionality also connects positionality to the collec-
tive project of social inclusion.
Contemporary research has called for an expanded
application of intersectionality (Villesèche et al., 2018)
that goes beyond just the axes of race and gender to also
examine relationships between other sources of oppres-
sion. Intersectionality is increasingly being viewed as a
critical paradigm for advancing heath equity and social
justice efforts to deconstruct how power and privilege
interplay socially (Hankivsky, 2012).
The purpose of this study was to apply the conceptual
framework of intersectionality to experiences of stigma
and social exclusion of cisgender women of color. We
utilize the social construct of intersectional stigma to
explore the lived experiences of cisgender women of
color in two contexts: Hyderabad, India and Chicago,
the United States. Drawing from these two qualitative
studies, we examine how intersectional stigma shapes
cisgender women’s ability to access social supports and
systems in their respective environments. By cisgender,
we refer to those people who are “gender normals”
(Schilt & Westbrook, 2009) in that they identify with the
gender that they were assigned at birth. Alternatively,
“transgender” is an umbrella term used to refer to people
who may not identify with the gender that they were
1025249QHR XX X 10.1177/10497323211025249Qualitative Health ResearchAzhar and Gunn
research-article 2021
1
Fordham University, New York, New York, USA
2
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Corresponding Author:
Sameena Azhar, Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Social
Service, Fordham University, 113 W 60th St., New York, NY 10023,
USA.
Email: SAzhar@fordham.edu
Navigating Intersectional Stigma:
Strategies for Coping Among
Cisgender Women of Color
Sameena Azhar
1
and Alana J. Gunn
2
Abstract
Intersectionality is a critical tool for understanding how socially constructed categories shape multiple dimensions of
lived experience. In this study, we apply an intersectional lens to explore how women of color from two different
contexts, Hyderabad, India and Chicago, Illinois, manage gendered forms of stigma and oppression as they converge with
other devalued statuses, namely living with HIV or having a history of drug use or incarceration. Applying intersectional
stigma as our conceptual framework, and drawing from transnational feminist perspectives, we identified two overarching
themes. Women in both contexts combat stigma by employing strategies of concealment within their romantic and
familial systems. Moreover, women’s roles as mothers were critical sources for managing their complex illnesses and for
accessing support. Using these experiences of stigma against women of color as our analytic lens, we offer an intersectional
framework for qualitative health research involving marginalized cisgender women of color in transnational contexts.
Keywords
intersectionality; stigma; HIV; criminal legal involvement; India; Chicago; qualitative; qualitative research; interviews;
Hyderabad