This is not a peer-reviewed article. Pp. 356-366 in Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Environmental Regulations-II Proceedings of the 8-12 November 2003 Conference (Albuquerque, New Mexico USA), Publication Date 8 November 2003. ASAE Publication Number 701P1503, ed. A. Saleh. THE ROAD TO TMDL is PAVED WITH GOOD INTENTIONS - TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOADS FOR A WILD AND SCENIC RIVER m THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS M. S. Riedel, J. M. Vose and D. S. Leigh ABSTRACT We monitored water quality in the Chattooga River Watershed (ME Georgia, NW South Carolina, and SW North Carolina) to compare sediment TMDLs with observed water quality. A judicial consent decree required the EPA to establish TMDLs in one year. The EPA was unable to fully characterize the sediment budgets of these streams and consequently issued phased sediment TMDLs which can be revised "...because information on the actual contributions of sediment to the Chattooga River Watershed from both point and nonpoint sources will be much better characterized in the future." The EPA listed streams as sediment impaired based upon aquatic indicator species data and relied upon total suspended solids (TSS) data and modeling to establish me sediment TMDLs. We found that TSS concentrations do not reflect mineral sediment concentrations because the organic and mineral components of TSS were highly variable between streams. TSS in forested streams could get quite high and were largely organic whereas TSS in streams more heavily impacted by land use change and roads were mostly mineral sediment TSS and mineral sediment in a stream listed as being sediment impaired were significantly lower than streams listed as being only threatened. We also monitored bed material transport and sampled sediment mineralogy on one of our study streams. The sand and fine gravel in this stream were very dynamic. In-stream scour and deposition occurred frequently. No in-stream deposition occurred during small events; when road runoff was negligible. During larger events, road runoff and in-stream sediment deposition occurred. This suggests that the existing sediment TMDLs may not address the causes of sediment impairment of the aquatic ecosystems. The EPA's issuance of phased sediment TMDLs was insightful because it acknowledged our lack of understanding of the impacts of land usage and sediment dynamics on streams in the Chattooga River watershed. KEYWORDS. TMDL, TSS, water quality, sedimentation, organic matter, forest roads. INTRODUCTION The Chattooga River Watershed encompasses 450 square kilometers of the Blue Ridge Ecosystem in the southern Appalachian Mountains of NE Georgia, NW South Carolina, and SW North Carolina, Figure 1. The Chattooga River is a federally designated Wild and Scenic River and is one of few large unregulated rivers in the United States. However, excessive sedimentation is a significant threat to the aquatic resources of the Chattooga River (EPA, 2001). More than 80% of this sediment is sourced from unpaved rural roads (Van Lear, et al 1995). The EPA has established Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for several sediment-impaired streams in the Chattooga Watershed (EPA, 2001). Due to difficulties stemming from the interpretation of Georgia's water quality standards, the characterization of stream sedimentation, and judicially imposed time limitations for the establishment of TMDL's, the EPA adopted a phased approach to developing TMDLs for the Chattooga River Watershed. The EPA has published these TMDLs (2001) stating that they will be revised in 2004.