INTRODUCTION
An upsurge of migrants from within and
outside the state of Rajasthan has led to the
springing up of squatter settlements on pave-
ments and vacant plots along the roadsides of
cities. People are forced to reside in the open due
to lack of housing facilities. Migrants enter big
cities in search of employment or to sell their
goods. Such people squat on any available land
and gradually seek access to basic amenities in
their most meager forms. They subsist on low
incomes. This influences their capacity to
purchase food for their families, thereby compro-
mising the nutritional status of their children.
A review of literature suggests that there is a
paucity of data on the nutritional status of young
children of families residing on pavements and
squatter settlements along roadsides in big cities.
Hence, an attempt was made to get an insight into
the dietary pattern and nutrient intakes of children
of such families.
METHODOLOGY
Selection of Subjects: No enumeration of squatter
settlements had been made in Jaipur city when
the present study was conducted from April 1999
to March 2001. The Jaipur Nagar Nigam and the
Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) officials
provided some information on the whereabouts
of a few squatter settlements; the rest of the
information was obtained from the residents of
squatter settlements, their leaders and local people
living nearby. Squatters residing on the pavements
and on vacant plots alongside the roads were
approached for data collection. A total of 42
squatter settlements were covered.
Dietary Survey: Dietary intake data was collected
for 281 children from as many families selected
through purposive sampling technique. The
mother of the child was the respondent. Dietary
data were assessed through 24 hour dietary recall
method. The intake was determined with the help
of standardized bhigonas, katoris, glasses, ladles
and spoons. The recipes were standardized in the
laboratory for the calculation of the dietary
© Kamla-Raj 2004 J. Hum. Ecol., 15(2) 143-146 (2004)
Nutrient Intakes of Children Residing in Squatter Settlements on
Pavements and Along Roadsides in Jaipur City
Anuradha Goyle, Swati Vyas, Preeti Jain, Neetu Shekhawat and Harsha Saraf
intakes. Dietary intake data were translated into
nutrient intake data with the use of Nutritive Value
of Indian Foods (Gopalan et al., 1996).
Statistical Analysis: The mean nutrient intake data
of boys and girls were tested for statistical
differences (Gupta, 1982).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A two-meal pattern was followed in the
squatter settlements. Early in the morning, the
family members including children had a cup of
tea, accompanied with biscuits, bread, toast, etc.,
which were bought from nearby provision shops
or from push carts passing by. The main meal
was cooked in the afternoon and it comprised
chapatis and a dish of dal/vegetable. The left over
dal/vegetable was consumed in the evening along
with freshly prepared chapatis or an additional
chutney or dal/vegetable. The children would eat
some fruits, biscuits, rusks, bread, etc., in between
meals and they purchased these from vendors
passing by. Some of the children were breast fed
too, but it was mainly for palliative reasons.
Hence, breast milk was not included in the
calculation of nutrient intakes.
The purchase of most of the food items was
on a daily basis. However, wheat flour was
purchased for 2-3 days at a time. There were
usually small provision stores located close to or
within the squatter settlements which stocked
items such as wheat flour, oil (loose, not in packs),
pulses and salt (loose, not in packs). Snacks such
as biscuits, namkeen, toast, pipe (deep fried rice
flour preparation), cream rolls, roasted gram,
candies, groundnuts, etc., were also available with
them. The purchase of fruits and vegetables was
made from itinerant vendors who passed the roads
the whole day long. Push carts selling other items
like ‘chaat’, ‘paani patasha’, ‘revari’, ‘gajak’,
ice cream, ice lollies, etc., were also approached
by the children. It was observed that the mothers
would hand out small coins as of 50 paisa or one/
two rupees to the children 2-3 times in a day for
purchase of such items. These snacks might be
of low nutritive value but were indulged in by
the mothers for palliative reasons. However, if