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© 2018 The authors and IJLTER.ORG. All rights reserved.
International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research
Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 26-42, July 2018
https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.17.7.2
Norwegian Teacher Educators‟ Attentiveness to
Democracy and their Practices
Heidi Biseth
University of South-Eastern Norway
Susan Catherine Lyden
University of South-Eastern Norway
Abstract. The aim of the study is to gain insight into teacher educators‟
attentiveness to democracy, i.e. how they understand democracy and
how they describe their own practices of instilling democratic
competencies and values in pre-service teachers. Through using a
questionnaire modified from the Global Doing Democracy Research
Project, we elicited responses from 153 respondents. The material was
analysed using “thin” versus “thick” notions of democracy and three
categories of citizenship. The results of this study indicate that teacher
educators primarily understand democracy as a societal structure, a way
of politically organizing a society in which elections are a core activity.
Hence, their practice reflects this somewhat thin understanding of
democracy. Overwhelmingly, they perceive the two dominant ways of
promoting democracy to be to encourage students to take part in formal
participatory structures and to engage students in discussions and
debates within the classroom.
Keywords: democracy and education; citizenship education; democratic
competencies; democracy in teacher education.
1. Introduction
Based on the results from the IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education
Study (ICCS) 2009 (Fjeldstad et al., 2010) Norwegian teenagers display a
relatively high knowledge and understanding of democracy compared to their
peers in other countries. The ICCS study was repeated in 2016 and results
indicate an even sounder knowledge base and understanding of democracy
among the Norwegian student population (Huang et al., 2017). The performance
of Norwegian students in both ICCS 2009 and 2016 is considered, among other
things, a testament to the Norwegian school system and its teachers. In order to
deduce that Norwegian teacher educators also contribute here, we need to
establish to what degree they provide a teacher education endorsing democratic
knowledge, attitudes and skills among teachers-to-be.