The political economy of the wine trade: Spanish exports and the international market, – VICENTE PINILLA † AND MARIA-ISABEL AYUDA ‡ † Department of Applied Economics and Economic History, Faculty of Economics and Business Studies, University of Zaragoza, Gran Vía ,  Zaragoza, Spain ‡ Department of Economic Analysis, Faculty of Economics and Business Studies, University of Zaragoza, Gran Vía ,  Zaragoza, Spain At the end of the nineteenth century some of the less developed countries of Southern Europe often faced major problems when they sought to increase their exports of primary products. Such problems were a consequence of the tariff policies implemented by a number of their trading partners. In this article we analyse the case of the Spanish exports of ordinary table wine during the period –. The expansion of wine production outside Europe meant that some countries in the American continent raised their tariffs to protect national production, which caused serious damage to exporters. Much more serious was the discriminatory trade policy initiated by France in  which gave priority to the tariff-free importing of Algerian wine, as against the high tariffs that had to be paid by other exporters. This policy, as well as protecting French production, aimed to support her colonial policy in Algeria and seriously affected Spanish exports, as shown by our data and the econometric analysis we have carried out. The Spanish response resulted in a greater penetration of other European markets, thanks to the competitiveness of Spanish wine, but this did not prevent a serious crisis in the sector. . Introduction During the period – the less developed countries of Southern Europe participated in international trade mainly as exporters of primary products and importers of manufactured goods. The consequences of such participation have been the subject of much controversy in the economic literature of the last few decades.  European Review of Economic History, , –. Printed in the United Kingdom ©  Cambridge University Press  On this controversy as it relates to all these countries see Berend and Ranki (), Federico () and (, pp. –). For Portugal, see Reis () and Lains (); for Spain, Prados (); and for Italy, Federico (, pp. –).