Journal Name
COMMUNICATION
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx J. Name ., 2013, 00 , 1-3 | 1
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a.
Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna,
Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy. E-mail: stefano.stagni@unibo.it ,
valentina.fiorini5@unibo.it
b.
Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University,
GPO Box U 1987, Perth, Australia 6845. E-mail: m.massi@curtin.edu.au.
† Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) available: [NMR (
1
H,
13
C) and ESI-MS
spectra of all the Ir(III) based species. UV-vis absorption, emission spectra recorded
at r.t., 77K and neat solid r.t.; 1931 C.I.E plots for Ir(III) soft salts]. See
DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
Received 00th January
20xx,
Accepted 00th January 20xx
DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
www.rsc.org/
Fully Ir(III) tetrazolate soft salts: the road to white-emitting
ion pairs
Valentina Fiorini,
a
* Andrea D’Ignazio,
a
Karen D. M. Magee,
b
Mark I. Ogden,
b
Massimiliano Massi
b
*
and Stefano Stagni
a
*
The first examples of anionic Ir(III) bis-tetrazolate complexes and
their combination with a cationic Ir(III)tetrazole derivative forming
“fully tetrazolate” Ir(III) based soft salts as O2-sensitive white
emitters are described herein.
Ir(III)-based ionic transition-metal complexes (Ir-iTMC) occupy
a prominent position in the scenery of phosphorescent
molecules to be used in solid state lighting, luminescent
chemosensing and for bioimaging applications.
1
This is a direct
consequence of their belonging to the family of Ir(III)
cyclometalated complexes, a class of compounds that displays
a combination of outstanding photo- and electroluminescent
performance, together with the ease of emission colour
tunability via modification of the ligand environment. In this
context, even though the family of Ir-iTMC is largely
dominated by cationic species with the general formula
[Ir(N^C)2(L^L)]
+
, where the neutral ligand (L^L) is often
represented by aromatic diimines (N^N),
1,2
negatively charged
Ir(III) cyclometalated complexes have also attracted increasing
attention in light of their favourable properties. More
specifically, the studies dealing with this class of brightly
phosphorescent complexes, which is centred around the
archetypal [Ir(ppy)2(CN)2]
-
and its fluorinated analogue
[Ir(F2ppy)2(CN)2]
-
,
3
have led to interesting results on the use of
their alkali metal salts as emissive materials for light-emitting
electrochemical cells (LEECs),
4
the construction of Ir(III)-Ln(III)
arrays,
5
and, in combination with other cationic Ir(III)
complexes, the formation of the so called “Ir-based soft salts”
6
where further colour tuning of the emission can be achieved
with the combination or modulation of energy transfer
processes between the ionic components. Aiming to provide a
new set Ir(III) based soft salts, in which an initial element of
novelty is represented by the choice of a an anionic
counterpart different than the traditionally employed Ir(III)
cyanometalates, we wanted to extend the family of Ir(III)
tetrazolate complexes
7
with the preparation of the first
examples of their negatively charged analogues. To achieve
this aim, we have modified the [Ir(ppy)2(CN)2]
-
or
[Ir(F2ppy)2(CN)2]
-
core structure by replacing the cyanide
groups with bulkier 5-aryl tetrazolato derivatives. The newly
obtained species were found to range from sky-blue to aqua
emitters. Furthermore, aiming to prepare soft salts formed by
exclusively Ir(III) tetrazolate ions, the anionic species were
coupled with the methylated form of a previously reported red
emitter, [IrTPYZ-Me]
+
.
7a
The results presented highlight the
formation of soft salts whose emission is highly dependent on
the oxygen content, suggesting a potential for the
luminescence-sensing response to the presence of dissolved
O2, and a unique example of white-emitting Ir(III) based soft
salts.
The preparation of the anionic complexes has been
accomplished through a slightly modified procedure by
Nazeeruddin (Scheme 1),
3
where the chloride bridged Ir(III)
dimer was reacted with an excess of 5-aryl tetrazole and base.
The targeted anionic complexes were confirmed by NMR
Figure 1: Normalized emission profiles of [F2Ir(TphCN)2]
-
(left,
blue trace) and [Ir(TphCN)2]
-
(right, red trace) CH2Cl2, r.t. .