Dictators with Empty Pockets: A Political Concessions Model of Africa’s Democratization Clark C. Gibson* Barak Hoffman Department of Political Science University of California, San Diego Paper prepared for the 2002 Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston MA. Correspondence: Clark Gibson 9500 Gilman La Jolla CA 92093-0521 858.822.5140 ccgibson@ucsd.edu *Karen Ferree and Neal Beck kindly provided useful comments on this paper.