257 Vol. 37, No. 2 (2015) 257-263 Tribology in Industry www.tribology.fink.rs.fink.rs Synthesis of Uncarbonised Coconut Shell Nanoparticles: Characterisation and Particle Size Determination S.A. Bello a,b , S.B. Hassan a , J.O. Agunsoye a , M.G. Zebase Kana b , I.A. Raheem a a Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, b Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria. Keywords: Coconut shell Nanoparticles Microscope Mechanical milling Agglomeration A B S T R A C T The possibility of using mechanical milling for the synthesis of uncarbonised coconut shell nanoparticles (UCSNPs) has been investigated. UCSNPs were synthesized from discarded coconut shells (CSs) using top down approach. The sundried CSs were crushed, ground and then sieved using hammer crusher, a two disc grinder and set of sieves with shine shaker respectively. The CS powders retained in the pan below 37 µm sized sieve were milled for 70 hours to obtain UCSNPS. Samples for analysis were taken at 16 and 70 hours. UCSNPs were analyzed using transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with attached EDS and Gwyddion software. Samples of UCSNPs obtained at 16 and 70hours show that the deep brown colour of the initial CS powder became fading as the milling hour increased. The size determination from TEM image revealed spherical particles with an average size of 18.23 nm for UCSNPs obtained at 70 hour milling. The EDS spectrographs revealed an increase in the carbon counts with increased milling hours. This is attributable to dryness of the CS powders by the heat generated during the milling process due to absorption of kinetic energy by the CS powders from the milling balls. SEM micrographs revealed UCSNPs in agglomerated networks. The SEM micrograph/Gyweddion particles size determination showed average particles of 170.5 ±3 and 104.9 ±4.1 nm for UCSNPs obtained at 16 and 70 hours respectively. Therefore, production of UCSNPs through mechanical milling using mixture of ceramic balls of different sizes has been established especially when the particles of the sourced/initial CS powders falls below 37 µm. © 2015 Published by Faculty of Engineering Corresponding author: S.A. Bello Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria. E-mail: sefiu.bello@yahoo.com 1. INTRODUCTION The use of agricultural wastes as a source of raw materials most especially reinforcements for a composite production is the new emerging area of technological advancements [1]. A lot of researches all over the world are now concentrating on studying the potentials of agro RESEARCH