laioprotection - Collogues, volume 37, CI (2002) Cl-873 Radiocesium concentrations and DNA strand breakage in two species of amphibians from the Chornobyl exclusion zone C.H. Jagoe, A.J. Majeske, T.K. Oleksyk, T.C. Glenn and M.H. Smith University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, U.S.A. Abstract. Relatively few studies have considered impacts of the1986 nuclear accident at Chornobyl on lower vertebrate populations. Amphibians are recognized as sensitive indicators of environmental degradation and pollution, and some amphibian population declines may be associated with contaminant-induced stress. Amphibians also utilize both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, which facilitates comparison ofradionuclide accumulation and effects in different environments. We sampled sympatic frog species from a highly contaminated area within the Chornobyl exclusion zone and from a nearby, less contaminated area in August - September 1999. Radiocesium was measured in whole frogs and in muscle samples. Whole body mean radiocesium for Rana esculenta from Gluboke Lake, a highly contaminated area, was 22.3 Bq/g wet mass; R. terrestris from the same area contained 53.4 Bq/g wet mass. Radiocesium levels in frogs from Emerald Camp, a less contaminated area, wereabout an order ofmagnitude lower. In both locations, whole rxxlyradiocedumconrenriauonswerehigherinR terrestris than in R. esculenta, probably reflecting dietary drffererices between species. Mean muscle radiocesium concentrations were generally lower than whole body concentrations, and muscle and whole body concentrations were highly correlated within individuals. Weused pulsed field-gel electrophoresis to examine the size distribution ofDNAfragmentsinmuscle tissuefroma subsample of R. terrestris from both locations. Increased proportions of smaller DNA fragments, suggesting DNA strand breakage, occurred inR. terrestris from the more contaminated location Results support the corix^ttiatamphibiamareusefii in assessing radionuclide accumulation and effects in contaminated areas. However, differences among species must be considered in evaluating contaminant concentrations and potential effects. 1. INTRODUCTION Relatively few studies have considered the impacts of the nuclear accident at Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) in April 1986 on lower vertebrates. The contaminated region around the ChNPP, the Exclusion Zone, is dosed to agriculture and most other human activities, and represents a natural refuge inhabited by diverse and apparently abundant wildlife. Amphibians are sensitive indicators of environmental degradation and pollution [1] that utilize both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Amphibians are represented in this zone by two species of salamanders and nine species of frogs and toads [2]. The frogs Rana terrestris mdR esculenta are locally abundant in the highly contaminated marshes inside of the Exclusion Zone. These amphibians could serve as useful biomonitors in contaminated areas because they integrate aquatic and terrestrial environments and can be obtained in large quantities for population studies. Frequency distributions of radionuclides in animals are seldom normal andfrequentlyskewed [3]. Knowledge of frequency distributions of radionuclide concentrations within populations is useful for a variety of reasons. For example, trophic transfer may be directly influenced by thedistribution of contaminants among food items [4] because the probability of encountering a highlyrantarninatedprey item is related to thefrequencydistribution, particularly the distribution's mean, variance, kurtosis and skewness. Contaminant distributions may also allow inference about the biological processes influencing contaminant uptake and transfer. A study of the distnbutions of '"Cs among functionally different but closely related organisms may provide information about factors influencing contaminant uptake and accumulation. When amphibians are present in contaminated areas, they can serve as model species for studies of genetic responses to radiation exposure. Female frogs lay hundreds of eggs per clutch, making them an ideal group for laying gerniline mutations in vertebrate species [cf 5]. Exposure to ioriizing radiation can produce anumber of genetic alterations, including breakage of DNA strands. Such lesions, or their inaccurate repair, can result in higher level effects such as carcinogenesis or heritable mutations. A number oftechniques have been proposed to tet DNA strand breakage [6,7], but detecting DNA strand breaks at environmentally-realistic levels at radiation exposure hasproven difficult. This may be because chronic irradiation does not break DNA into small fragments that are readily detectable, but instead yields largerfragmentsthat are more difficult to separate with Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.radioprotection.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2002217