https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X211017932 Journal of Family Issues 1–27 © The Author(s) 2021 Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI: 10.1177/0192513X211017932 journals.sagepub.com/home/jfi Original Article Parents’ Sleep Across Weekdays and Weekends: The Influence of Work, Housework, and Childcare Time Leah Ruppanner 1 , Ben Maltby 1 , Belinda Hewitt 1 , and David Maume 2 Abstract Children increase time demands with important consequences for sleep. Here, we test whether parents’ paid and unpaid time demands and the presence of young children equally reduce mothers’ and fathers’ sleep, comparing the married/cohabiting to unmarried. Applying data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS, 2003–2016), we find married/cohabiting mothers report less sleep when young children or multiple children are present; they are employed; their spouses are employed; and they spend more time in housework and childcare. By contrast, unmarried mothers report less sleep when children are present because of their larger domestic loads. For married/cohabiting fathers, the presence of multiple children is associated with less sleep but doing more housework results in more sleep. Finally, unmarried fathers’ employment time explains the association of children on their sleep. Parents report a sleep deficit relative to the childless but the reasons vary by gender and the co-presence of a partner. Keywords sleep, gender, work, housework, social interaction, gender display 1 Department of Sociology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 2 Department of Sociology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Corresponding Author: Leah Ruppanner, Department of Sociology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3003, Australia. Email: leah.ruppanner@unimelb.edu.au 1017932JFI XX X 10.1177/0192513X211017932Journal of Family IssuesRuppanner et al. research-article 2021