© koninklijke brill nv, leiden,  | doi:./_ chapter  Using Gramsci’s Dialogical Approach: The Struggle for Meaning in Q&A Sections of the Spanish Press in the First Third of the Twentieth Century Isabel Jiménez-Lucena, Jorge Molero-Mesa and Carlos Tabernero-Holgado Trovare la reale identità sotto l’apparente differenziazione e contraddiz- ione, e trovare la sostanziale diversità sotto l’apparente identità è la più delicata, incompresa eppure essenziale dote del critico delle idee e dello storico dello sviluppo storico. Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (Q24 § 3) … Ogni traccia di iniziativa autonoma da parte dei gruppi subalterni dovrebbe perciò essere di valore inestimabile per lo storico integrale. Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (Q25 § 2)  1 Dialogic Gramsci and Science Studies* In the past few decades, the ambiguity that characterises the uses of Gramsci’s work has been increasingly exposed. Conservative uses emphasising dicho- tomous distinctions between hegemony and subalternity serve to consolid- ate states of dominance according to the motto ‘some rule and others obey’. However, it seems clear that Gramsci did not reduce his consideration of hegemony and subalternity to a linear and unidirectional rulers-ruled process. * This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Project HAR2014-58699-P. 1 On appropriation of Gramsci by conservative projects, see Giroux 1999. - 978-90-04-44377-8