Three-dimensional numerical modeling of cohesive sediment transport and wind wave impact in a shallow oxbow lake Xiaobo Chao a, * , Yafei Jia a , F. Douglas Shields Jr. b , Sam S.Y. Wang a , Charles M. Cooper b a National Center for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Mississippi, Carrier Hall 102, University, MS 38677, United States b National Sedimentation Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Oxford, MS 38655, United States article info Article history: Received 12 December 2007 Received in revised form 3 April 2008 Accepted 11 April 2008 Keywords: 3D numerical model Cohesive sediment Wind-driven current Wind-induced wave Oxbow lake abstract It was observed that in some closed inland lakes sediment transport was dominated by wind-induced currents, and the sediment resuspension was primarily driven by wind-induced waves. This paper pre- sents the development and application of a three-dimensional numerical model for simulating cohesive sediment transport in water bodies where wind-induced currents and waves are important. In the model, the bottom shear stresses induced by currents and waves were calculated, and the processes of resuspen- sion (erosion), deposition, settling, etc. were considered. This model was first verified by a simple test case consisting of the movement of a non-conservative tracer in a prismatic channel with uniform flow, and the model output agreed well with the analytical solution. Then it was applied to Deep Hollow Lake, a small oxbow lake in Mississippi. Simulated sediment concentrations were compared with available field observations, with generally good agreement. The transport and resuspension processes of cohesive sed- iment due to wind-induced current and wave in Deep Hollow Lake were also discussed. Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Sediment has been identified as one of the leading nonpoint- source pollutants in the United States. Sediments in shallow lakes influence physical and chemical processes in the water column. Suspended sediment reduces light penetration needed for the growth of phytoplankton. In addition, nutrients may interact with suspended sediment through the processes of adsorption and desorption. The basic processes involved in cohesive sediment transport, such as flocculation, deposition, erosion, etc., have been studied by many scientists. Burban et al. [2] presented a formula to calcu- late the settling velocity of flocs in fresh water based on laboratory experiments. Thorn [39], Ziegler and Nisbet [47], Li and Mehta [23] established several empirical formulas for settling velocity of flocs by considering the effects of sediment size, sediment concentra- tion, salinity, turbulence intensity, and bed shear stress. Krone [22] and Mehta and Partheniades [29] investigated deposition of cohesive sediment and proposed formulas to estimate deposition rates. Partheniades [32] proposed a formula to calculate the ero- sion rate of cohesive sediment. Jin and Sun [19] studied the flow circulation, wave dynamics and their impacts on sediment resuspension and vertical mixing in Lake Okeechobee based on field measurements. Their results show that wave action is the dominant factor in sediment resus- pension in that lake. Cozar et al. [6] presented empirical correla- tions between total turbidity and wind speed based on the field observations. They also obtained an empirical formula to calculate the suspended sediment concentration using wind speed and water depth. In recent decades, some researchers have studied the cohesive sediment transport in rivers, lakes, and coastal waters using numerical models. Willis and Krishnappan [43] reviewed a number of numerical models and gave an overview of the knowledge base required for modeling cohesive sediment transport in river flow. Nicholson and O’connor [30] developed a 3D cohesive sediment transport model using a splitting method in conjunction with a characteristics technique and a mixed explicit–implicit finite dif- ference approach. Ziegler and Nisbet [47], Bailey and Hamilton [1], and Wu and Wang [45] developed several two-dimensional (2D) depth-averaged models to simulate cohesive sediment trans- port. Liu [25] developed a vertical (laterally integrated) two- dimensional model to simulate the cohesive sediment transport in Danshuei River estuary by considering the effects of reservoir construction at the upstream of the river. Normant [31], Jin and Ji [18] proposed 3D layer models to simulate the cohesive sediment transport in estuaries and lake, respectively. Some researchers have shown that sediment resuspension in shallow lakes is primarily a result of wave action [28,12]. Field observations in Deep Hollow Lake, a shallow oxbow lake in Missis- sippi showed that during the period from October to December of 0309-1708/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.04.005 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 662 9156564; fax: +1 662 9157796. E-mail address: chao@ncche.olemiss.edu (X. Chao). Advances in Water Resources 31 (2008) 1004–1014 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Advances in Water Resources journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/advwatres