E
IntroductIon
Since the beginning of the new millennium the term
e-learning has received growing attention in the area
of technology-enhanced education. The term, which
literally means “electronic learning”, can be deined as
“an innovative approach for delivering well-designed,
learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning
environment to anyone, anyplace, anytime by utilizing
the attributes and resources of various digital technolo-
gies along with other forms of learning materials suited
for open, lexible and distributed learning environment”
(Khan, 2004).
Besides this wide deinition, it can be identiied
different e-learning methodologies from a pedagogical
perspective. More speciically, in the ield of formal
e-learning a broadly accepted classiication introduced
by Mason (1998, 2002), distinguishes between three
main models: Content + Support, Wrap Around, and
Integrated (Anderson & Elloumi, 2004; Bellier, 2001;
Calvani & Rotta, 2000; Khan, 1997, 2004; Ranieri,
2005)
This article aims to examine these different e-learn-
ing models and discuss some recent evolutions in this
ield due to the development of online learning com-
munities (Palloff & Pratt, 1999) and the diffusion of
social networking practices that have emerged in the
Web in recent years (Bonaiuti, 2006).
a revIeW oF e-learnIng Models
content + support Model
The Content + Support model is the more common
solution for online courses. It may also be inexpen-
sive if the multimedia and interactivity levels of the
instructional contents are not complex. This model is
based on contents delivery (i.e., printed materials or
Web pages) with minimal support of the e-tutor (by e-
mail or computer conferencing). It is characterized by
the separation of content and support and is oriented
towards individual learning.
In this model the Internet is mainly considered a
channel to transmit learning contents. The theoreti-
cal framework involved in this approach is teaching
by merely transferring information. In addition, the
learning goal is already deined and participants do not
contribute to the process of deining objectives, through
negotiation and knowledge construction.
The contents delivery may be either synchronous
or asynchronous.
A – Synchronous Delivery (Live)
Typically, a synchronous delivery system is repre-
sented by an audio/videoconferencing where both the
sender and receiver share the same temporal mode for
interaction.
The speciic value of a synchronous delivery sys-
tem is that it allows the interaction between people in
different locations in real time. For example, a subject
expert may give a lecture at a distance, and remote
students may arrange for a session during which they
pose their questions which are then answered by the ex-
perts. Without this minimal interaction between expert
and students the conference could be considered just
a simple streaming. Furthermore it must be observed
that this delivery system may encounter problems of
accessibility. For example, full dual communication
and interaction by videoconferencing is limited by the
band constraints, which may prevent a certain number
of people from participating in live events. It is much
easier instead to manage a full dual communication
with only audio and static images transfer (e.g., syn-
chronized slideshows). Technologies such as Centra,
for example, enable easy management of full dual
communications.
In all ways, this e-learning model allows a low
interaction level being limited by the same constraints
of traditional F2F classrooms, such as:
Section: Context ICT
E-Learning Methodological Models and
Typologies
Maria Ranieri
University of Florence, Italy
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