Research Article Production and Digital Image Correlation Analysis of Titanium Foams with Different Pore Morphologies as a Bone-Substitute Material Mohammed Shbeh , 1 Elif Oner, 1 Ammar Al-Rubaye, 2 and Russell Goodall 1 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK 2 Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK Correspondence should be addressed to Mohammed Shbeh; mohammed.shbeh@gmail.com Received 23 November 2018; Accepted 16 January 2019; Published 3 February 2019 Academic Editor: Joon-Hyung Lee Copyright © 2019 Mohammed Shbeh et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Tifoamsaremesoporousstructuredmaterialsthatarecharacterizedbytheirhighsurfaceareaandinterconnectedporositywitha huge potential for biomedical applications. In this study, we investigated the production of titanium foams with different pore morphologies as a bone-substitute material via the addition of different amounts, shapes, and sizes of the space holder. Fur- thermore,wealsocarriedoutstrainanalysisusingdigitalimagecorrelation(DIC)inordertoanalysethestraindistributionacross theporoussamples.Inaddition,thenatureoftherelationshipbetweentheamountofthespaceholderaddedandfinalamountof porosity in the foams produced was also examined. e results demonstrated that the relationship between the space holder amountandporosityinthesamplesfollowsacomplexone-phaseexponentialdecayfunctioninanincreasingform.Ourfindings alsosuggestthattheshapeofthespaceholderdoesnotplayasignificantroleindictatingtheporosityofthefoamsproducedinthe currentstudy.However,thespaceholder’sshapedoeshaveasubstantialroleindictatingthemechanicalpropertiesofthefoams produced,whereTifoamsproducedusingacubicorirregularspaceholderwerefoundtohavealoweryieldstressesthanthose made with the spherical space holder. 1. Introduction Human bone is a complex composite material composed of organic and inorganic components. e organic part of the bone is comprised of a matrix polymer known as collagen, which is responsible for giving the bone its toughness, whereas the inorganic element of the bone has a similar chemical and crystal structure to that of a ceramic material, hydroxyapatite,andplaysanimportantroleinprovidingthe bonewithstrengthandstiffness[1,2].Bonetissueoccursin two forms or types in our bodies, and both of these forms haveananisotropicstructure.efirsttypeisthetrabecular or spongy bone which is composed of an interconnected porous network of plates and rods arranged in various configurations, forming an open-celled foam [3, 4]. e secondtypeisthecorticalorcompactbonecharacterizedby havingahigherdensity,lessporosity,andmetabolicactivity thanthatofatrabecularbone[5].etwoformsofbonecan benormallyfoundtogetherindifferentarrangementsandin such a manner so that the bone has a combination of ex- cellent load-bearing ability derived from the spongy tissue and improved mechanical strength acquired from the cor- tical bone. For instance, the cortical bone constitutes the outertubularshellofthelongbonesandtheexternalsurface of the small and flat bones, while the trabecular bone composestheinternalsurfaceofsmallbones,theendsofthe long bones, and between the surfaces of flat bones [6]. In somecases,suchasseveredamageorosteoporoticfractures, bones need to be replaced. Successful replacement of such hard tissue with an anisotropic complex structure and mechanicalpropertiescanbechallengingwithouttheuseof appropriate biocompatible and biomimetic materials. Hindawi Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume 2019, Article ID 1670837, 14 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1670837