International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1082 Cognitive Radio Networks based Internet of Things: A Survey on Spectrum Sharing or Spectrum Allocation Schemes Dr. Neeta Nathani 1 , Vijay Kumar Khatri 2 , Dr. G.C. Manna 3 1 Associate Professor, 2 PG Scholar, Communication System, 1,2 Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology & Sciences, Jabalpur, M.P., India 3 Retd. CGM, BSNL, Jabalpur, M.P., India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - The Internet of Things is a promising subject of technical, social, and economic implication. The first aspect of Internet of Things is different objects are being combined with internet connectivity with powerful data analytic capabilities. Internet of Things paradigm pretense new challenges to the communication technology as several objects of heterogeneous in nature needs to be connected and one among the key challenges is that the scarcity of available spectrum to ascertain the connectivity. To handle these issues, new radio technologies and network architectures can be thought of to accommodate several future devices having connectivity demands and consequently trends are shifting to the network which is intelligent enough to adapt with the environment i.e. Cognitive Radio Networks and its introduction into Internet of Things can improve the efficiency of the spectrum. This paper presents most of the researches addressing channel allocation and packets scheduling, when merging the cognitive radio networks with the Internet of Things technology. Key Words: Cognitive Radio Network, Internet of Things, spectrum sharing, spectrum allocation. 1. INTRODUCTION The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of physical devices with the Internet and other networks through uniquely identifiable IP addresses, whereby data is gathered and communicated through embedded sensors, electronics and software. The concept of IoT has evolved rapidly in order that it touches most of the everyday life. Due to growing demand of IoTs, a spectrum needs to be allocated for the packets produced from the IoT networks. A concept called “Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs)” was introduced to be integrated with the IoT concept naming it as “Cognitive Radio Internet of Things (CRIoT)”, to allow the IoT access enough spectrum band as required. The paper addresses spectrum sharing and allocation schemes used in CRIoT. Authors in [1,2] studied different spectrum allocation techniques in CRNs, while authors in [3] explored various spectrum sharing schemes based on biology inspired paradigms describing both social and non-social interactions among agents for dynamic spectrum access. Authors in [4] surveyed spectrum sharing techniques of IoT technologies applied on licensed cellular and unlicensed spectrum band. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY M. A. Shah and et al. has described about the IoT and CR and their applications [5]. They also discussed the importance of adding cognitive capabilities to IoT devices together with the challenges that might be faced with cognitive radio like security issues, software radio issues, hardware constraints, Wide Band Spectrum Sensing (WBSS) and spectrum sharing. The paper have not discussed about the requirements, standards and practical problems and issues of CR-based IoT. It also failed to specify the way to add the cognitive capabilities to IoT devices. A. A. Khan et al. [6] have done classification of IoT based on orientation and whether the IoT is wired or wireless. The authors also discussed the spectrum sensing paradigms for CR-based IoT. The paper has also discussed the challenges of adopting CR for IoT. The work failed to discuss the applicable Spectrum Sensing (SS) approaches for various IoT applications. The paper also failed to specify the way to incorporate CR in IoT devices. Few authors have introduced the demand of adopting CR for IoT applications [7] and have discussed the standardization efforts in CRN-based IoT. The authors have thoroughly described architectures and frameworks of CR-based IoT and focused on CR modules and discussed their functions. They have also discussed different types of spectrum related functionalities in CR based IoT. The authors have presented issues, challenges and future research directions of hardware design for CR-based IoT, spectrum related functions, semantic analysis, networking addresses, standardization activities along with its privacy and security. The work failed to discuss the applicable SS approaches for different IoT applications. The authors did not discuss the applicable spectrum sharing approaches for IoT applications and the way to improve the spectrum efficiency.